Chapter Sixteen Foreign Policy Multiple Choice 1. __________ refers to actions a government takes on behalf of its national interests abroad to ensure the security and well-being of its citizens and the strength and competitiveness its economy. a. Domestic policy b. Economic policy c. Globalization d. Interdependence e. Foreign policy Answer: e. Foreign policy 2. Since the end of World War II, U.S. foreign policy has been a. quite similar to what it was before the Civil War. b. a cautious balancing act between American democratic ideals and U.S. military and economic interests. c. an attempt to destabilize any country that proposes obtaining nuclear capabilities. d. genuinely uniform without any deviations in methods of bringing about peace. e. quite unstable and unpredictable. Answer: b. a cautious balancing act between American democratic ideals and U.S. military and economic interests. 3. __________ is a pattern in which a country fosters economic relations abroad without committing to strategic alliances that might draw that country into war. a. Survival b. Isolationism c. Independence d. Balancing e. Globalism Answer: b. Isolationism 4. Which of the following is NOT a core value of US foreign policy? a. Survival and independence b. Territorial integrity and acquisition of new territory c. Military security d. Economic security e. Global interdependence Answer: e. Global interdependence 5. What was the dominant foreign policy during the nineteenth century? a. globalism b. containment c. isolationism d. internationalism e. interdependence. Answer: c. isolationism 6. Which of the following doctrines reinforced the United States tendency toward isolationism in the early 1800s? a. Monroe Doctrine b. Bush Doctrine c. Truman Doctrine d. Eisenhower Doctrine e. Kennedy Doctrine. Answer: a. Monroe Doctrine 7. What policy did the Monroe Doctrine reinforce? a. globalism b. regionalism c. isolationism d. containment e. internationalism. Answer: c. isolationism 8. The National Security Act of 1947 created the __________ and the National Security Council. a. Federal Bureau of Investigation b. Department of Homeland Security c. Foreign Policy Association d. State Department e. Central Intelligence Agency Answer: e. Central Intelligence Agency 9. A major reason for the philosophy of U.S. foreign policy in the formative years was a. that this country was destined to become a very powerful nation. b. the fact that the United States was very weak militarily. c. the influence of religion. d. based on the strength of the new modern navy. e. a belief in Manifest Destiny. Answer: b. the fact that the United States was very weak militarily. 10. A principle of the Monroe Doctrine include(s) the following: a. European nations shouldn’t establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere or intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. b. The United States should be able to intervene in the affairs of European nations when U.S. interests are at stake. c. Expansionist policies should be pursued to benefit Western Hemisphere countries. d. The United States and European nations should not be allowed to meddle in the affairs of African and Asian nations. e. None of the Above Answer: a. European nations shouldn’t establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere or intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. 11. The sinking of the Lusitania led to American involvement in a. the Spanish-American War. b. World War I. c. World War II. d. the Korean War. e. the Vietnam War. Answer: b. World War I. 12. World War I began in Europe in a. 1865. b. 1914. c. 1941. d. 1967. e. 1898. Answer: b. 1914. 13. Woodrow Wilson promoted the creation of an international organization after WWI. The name of this organization was a. the United Nations. b. the World Bank. c. the Organization of American States. d. the International Monetary Fund. e. League of Nations Answer: e. League of Nations 14. The second era in U.S. foreign policy has been characterized by a. the founding of the republic. b. isolationism. c. expansion of the Western Hemisphere. d. two world wars. e. globalization. Answer: d. two world wars. 15. Franklin Delano Roosevelt gained congressional authorization under what program to provide military assistance to any country whose security the president determined was vital to the security of the United States? a. Truman Doctrine b. New World Order c. War Powers Resolution d. Monroe Doctrine e. Lend-lease law Answer: e. Lend-lease law 16. The National Security Act of 1947 created the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, signaling the readiness of the United States to move from a. regionalism to containment. b. regionalism to globalism. c. isolationism to regionalism. d. isolationism to globalism. e. globalism to isolationism. Answer: b. regionalism to globalism. 17. During the post-World War II period, the term “superpower” applied a. only to the United States. b. both to the United Sates and the Soviet Union. c. to the Western and Communist alliance systems. d. to any nation that developed an atomic bomb. e. to the Soviet Union only. Answer: b. both to the United Sates and the Soviet Union. 18. What was the disproportionate power that distinguished the United States and the Soviet Union from all other countries in the postwar era called? a. detente b. containment c. superpower d. military-industrial complex e. nuclear weapons Answer: c. superpower 19. The intention to assist free, democratic nations beat back the threat of totalitarianism became known as the a. Monroe Doctrine. b. Truman Doctrine. c. New World Order. d. War Powers Resolution. e. Bush Doctrine. Answer: b. Truman Doctrine. 20. What doctrine guided U.S. foreign policy between 1947 and 1990? a. isolationism b. globalism c. containment d. regionalism e. interdependence Answer: c. containment 21. In 1949, the United States secured the commitment of eleven European nations to form the a. United Nations. b. Warsaw Pact. c. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT). d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). e. League of Nations. Answer: d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 22. The U.S. monopoly of nuclear weapons ended in a. 1914. b. 1935. c. 1949. d. 1990. e. 2009 Answer: c. 1949. 23. What military alliance was formed by the Soviet Union to counter NATO? a. Warsaw Pact b. War Powers Resolution c. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty d. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution e. Peace Corps Answer: a. Warsaw Pact 24. What president formed the Peace Corps? a. Franklin D. Roosevelt b. John F. Kennedy c. Jimmy Carter d. Bill Clinton e. Barack Obama Answer: b. John F. Kennedy 25. The Alliance for Progress program focused on a. Africa. b. Latin America. c. Eastern Europe. d. China. e. Western Europe. Answer: b. Latin America. 26. The fundamental division of economic and military power between the poles; Western capitalism and Eastern communism is termed a. hegemony. b. unipolarity. c. multipolarity. d. tripolarity. e. bipolarity. Answer: e. bipolarity. 27. Which country dropped atomic bombs on Japan? a. Germany b. Great Britain c. France d. Soviet Union e. United States Answer: e. United States 28. The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in a. 1942 b. 1952 c. 1962 d. 1972 e. 1982. Answer: c. 1962 29. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution granted a. President Nixon authority to initiate a policy of detente. b. President Johnson authority to pursue the war in Vietnam. c. President Kennedy authority to invade Cuba. d. President George Bush authority to invade Iraq in 1991. e. President Carter to invade Iran in the 1970s. Answer: b. President Johnson authority to pursue the war in Vietnam. 30. An attempt to relax tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union through limited cooperation is termed a. foreign aid. b. globalism. c. new world order. d. containment. e. détente. Answer: e. détente. 31. The breakup of Yugoslavia a. had very little international effects. b. was directed by the American CIA. c. brought various diverse factions together. d. triggered a genocidal war among various ethnic factions. e. created two new states in Europe. Answer: d. triggered a genocidal war among various ethnic factions. 32. The policy of detente begun by Nixon was an attempt to a. increase America’s military preparedness against its enemies. b. end the Vietnam War with honor. c. relax tensions between the superpowers. d. open trade markets with Western Europe. e. escalate operations in Vietnam. Answer: c. relax tensions between the superpowers. 33. The Soviet Union ceased to exist in the year a. 1990. b. 1991. c. 1992. d. 1993. e. 1994. Answer: b. 1991. 34. With the demise of the Soviet Union and the post-Cold War changes in the international system, the United States employment of containment as its guiding foreign policy principle a. is no longer as relevant. b. is still as relevant as in the past, because a new Soviet Union might form in the very near future. c. is still relevant since it can now be applied to the communist nations of Latin America. d. will now be applied exclusively to China and North Korea. e. will be applied to all states of the international system. Answer: a. is no longer as relevant. 35. What term describes the post-Cold War period? a. containment b. internationalism c. New World Order d. isolationism e. globalization Answer: c. New World Order 36. The doctrine of containment a. was the key component of the Truman Doctrine. b. was developed in the Soviet Union to counter the Marshall Plan. c. ended the United States commitment to the League of Nations. d. was the informal policy of preventing Japan from having a military after World War II. e. was used to export democracy to Germany. Answer: a. was the key component of the Truman Doctrine. 37. The policy of detente contributed to a. a further escalation of the Cold War. b. the Vietnam War. c. the development of the United Nations. d. an attempt to relax tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. e. the collapse of the Soviet Union. Answer: d. an attempt to relax tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. 38. Nothing in the international arena was ever the same following a. the U.S. Civil War. b. World War I. c. World War II. d. the Korean War. e. Vietnam War Answer: c. World War II. 39. At the height of the Cold War, the United States entered into one of its most damaging military intervention thus far, a. the War in the Persian Gulf. b. the war in Vietnam. c. the Korean War. d. the War on Terrorism. e. the war in Iraq. Answer: b. the war in Vietnam. 40. The SALT I was signed by a. President George W. Bush in 2001. b. President Ronald Reagan in 1984. c. President Jimmy Carter in 1974. d. President Richard Nixon in 1972. e. President Gerald Ford in 1976. Answer: d. President Richard Nixon in 1972. 41. In July of 1965, Lyndon Johnson chose to Americanize the Vietnam War by a. involving South American armies in the effort. b. pulling out of the war altogether. c. increasing U.S. combat strength from 75,000 to 125,000. d. decreasing U.S. combat strength from 125,000 to 75,000. e. deploying another 500,000 US troops. Answer: c. increasing U.S. combat strength from 75,000 to 125,000. 42. SALT II was signed by a. the US but not the USSR. b. the USSR but not the US. c. the NATO and Warsaw Pact countries. d. neither the US nor the USSR. e. None of the Above. Answer: d. neither the US nor the USSR. 43. Economic sanctions have probably been the most effective in the case of a. Cuba. b. Iraq. c. South Africa. d. Bosnia and Serbia. e. China. Answer: c. South Africa. 44. Which of the following is NOT a constitutional authority given to the president in the realm of foreign policy? a. negotiating treaties with other nations b. appointing United States ambassadors c. committing troops to foreign lands d. power to declare war e. appoints heads of all of the executive departments that make foreign policy. Answer: d. power to declare war 45. SALT II a. has expired. b. never entered into force. c. is still in force. d. is being voted on at the next summit. e. None of the Above. Answer: b. never entered into force. 46. START I a. has expired. b. never entered into force. c. is still in force. d. is being voted on at the next summit. e. failed to be ratified by the international community. Answer: c. is still in force. 47. Congress has what foreign policy power? a. negotiating treaties with other nations b. appointing United States ambassadors c. committing troops to foreign lands d. power to declare war e. negotiating treaties. Answer: d. power to declare war 48. What did Congress pass in 1973 in an attempt to restore the balance of power with the executive branch and prevent military involvement without congressional approval? a. Warsaw Pact b. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution c. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty d. War Powers Resolution e. Economic sanctions Answer: d. War Powers Resolution 49. In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President Bush named an “axis of evil” that included a. South Korea, Turkey, and Iraq. b. North Korea, Iraq, and Iran. c. Iran, South Korea, and Egypt. d. Cuba, North Korea, and Turkey. e. Iran. Iraq and China Answer: b. North Korea, Iraq, and Iran. 50. NATO stands for a. the North American Treaty Organization. b. the North American Trust Organization. c. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. d. the North Atlantic Trust Organization. e. the Northern Association for Trade Organization Answer: c. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 51. Foreign affairs is primarily the domain of the Department of a. Energy. b. State. c. Defense. d. Treasury. e. Homeland Security. Answer: b. State. 52. Which of the following agencies dominates national security issues related to defense? a. Department of State b. Department of Defense c. Central Intelligence Agency d. National Security Agency e. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Answer: b. Department of Defense 53. Legislative oversight a. does not apply to foreign affairs. b. cannot apply to the activities of the Central Intelligence Agency. c. must be approved by the president when foreign affairs are the subject. d. is a means of influence by Congress over foreign policy. e. is meant to limit Congressional influence on foreign policy. Answer: d. is a means of influence by Congress over foreign policy. 54. What is the driving force behind U.S. foreign policy? a. the president b. the United States Senate c. the United States House of Representatives d. the Central Intelligence Agency e. public opinion. Answer: a. the president 55. Congress has increased its access to foreign policy information since the a. Spanish-American War. b. Great Depression. c. beginning of World War II. d. Vietnam War. e. World War I. Answer: d. Vietnam War. 56. The National Security Council (NSC) acts a. as an advisory body to the president on issues relating to national security. b. on the orders of the Joint Chiefs of Staff when the president is outside of the United States. c. as an official standing committee of both the House and the Senate. d. as a supervisor to the president when he is making military decisions. e. has not played a significant role in national security issues of the United States. Answer: a. as an advisory body to the president on issues relating to national security. 57. The use of embargoes and boycotts rather than military force to compel compliance is referred to as a. economic sanctions. b. détente. c. foreign activism. d. enlargement. e. containment. Answer: a. economic sanctions. 58. The Department of Defense is the principal __________ adviser to the president. a. military b. diplomatic c. domestic d. judicial e. policy Answer: a. military 59. The National Security Council (NSC) was created in a. 1909. b. 1930. c. 1947. d. 1987. e. 1997. Answer: c. 1947. 60. How many service branches comprise the Defense Department? a. two b. four c. six d. eight e. ten Answer: b. four 61. The first president to openly claim the existence of a “military-industrial complex” was a. Bush. b. Nixon. c. Truman. d. Eisenhower. e. Kennedy. Answer: d. Eisenhower. 62. Who is the principal military adviser to the president and is responsible for the formulation of general foreign policy? a. secretary of state b. secretary of defense c. the FBI director d. Joint Chiefs of Staff e. National Security Agency. Answer: b. secretary of defense 63. The president, the president’s national security adviser, who acts as the special assistant for national security, the vice president, and the secretaries of state and defense, with the director of the CIA and the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff sitting in as advisers make up the a. Department of Energy. b. National Security Council. c. Department of Defense. d. Federal Bureau of Investigation. e. Department of Homeland Security. Answer: b. National Security Council. 64. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was established after __________ to be a nonpartisan resource to the president for coordinated intelligence analysis. a. World War II b. the Korean War c. the Vietnam War d. the Cold War e. the War in Iraq. Answer: a. World War II 65. What is the CIA’s most important function? a. recruiting spies who can engage in espionage against other countries b. the gathering of political, economic, and military information about other nations c. spying on American citizens who may be terrorists or subversives d. paramilitary maneuvers e. providing military advice to the Congress Answer: b. the gathering of political, economic, and military information about other nations True or False 66. Since the end of World War II, U.S. foreign policy has been a cautious balancing act between American democratic ideals and U.S. military and economic interests. Answer: True 67. Survival is one of the core values of US foreign policy. Answer: True 68. The ocean liner Lusitania sunk by a German submarine in 1915. Answer: True 69. The breakup of Yugoslavia had no effect on various ethnic factions. Answer: False 70. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States shifted its military focus to combat other international threats to safety. Answer: True 71. Once free of Britain’s domination, the United States felt compelled to maintain binding relationships with European empires. Answer: False 72. Theodore Roosevelt strongly opposed the Panama Canal project. Answer: False 73. Theodore Roosevelt mediated the Russo-Japanese War. Answer: True 74. In 1915, a German submarine sank the ocean liner Lusitania, but no American lives were lost. Answer: False 75. Tensions between the United States and the USSR were briefly tabled with the outbreak of World War II. Answer: True 76. The bombing of Pearl Harbor known as the “Day of Infamy,” galvanized Americans in an outrage that overcame the nation’s traditionally isolationist orientation. Answer: True 77. Given the striking differences between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, it is surprising that the Soviet Union would emerge as the chief U.S. rival. Answer: True 78. The Second World War really had no effect on the international arena. Answer: False 79. After the Second World War, the United States emerged as the only major power with a completely intact infrastructure. Answer: True 80. U.S. foreign policy after 1946 followed a doctrine of containment. Answer: True 81. The Cold War consists of a bipolar power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union that began in the 1950s and ended in the 1990s. Answer: True 82. Globalism is a view in which the U.S. sphere of influence has expanded beyond the Western Hemisphere to include virtually every corner of the globe where U.S. interests might be affected. Answer: True 83. George Kennan refused to offer any comments about how to react to the Soviet government after World War II. Answer: False 84. In a historic address to Congress, President Truman invoked the doctrine of containment, pledging economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to halt the spread of communism. Answer: True 85. In 1960, the U.S. monopoly of nuclear weapons came to an end. Answer: False 86. Bipolarity refers to the fundamental division of economic and military power between the poles of Western capitalism and Eastern communism. Answer: True 87. In 1955, the Soviet Union and its East European allies rejected any participation in the Warsaw Pact. Answer: False 88. In June 1950, the Korean War became a major test of the containment policy. Answer: True 89. Ultimately, the Korean conflict proved a political and military stalemate. Answer: True 90. The nuclear age began with the U.S. bombing of Tokyo. Answer: False 91. The most dangerous nuclear confrontation of the Cold War occurred in 1962. Answer: True 92. Cold War policy makers restricted their activity to military planning. Answer: False 93. The Kennedy administration rejected the idea of having a Peace Corps. Answer: False 94. The Alliance for Progress program focused on aid to Western Europe. Answer: False 95. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution granted authority to John Kennedy to pursue the war in Vietnam. Answer: False 96. Détente refers to an attempt to relax tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Answer: True 97. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty was not signed by the United States. Answer: False 98. After his election, Richard Nixon began the process of disengaging troops from Vietnam. Answer: True 99. In May of 2002, President Bush and President Vladimir V. Putin signed a historic arms reduction treaty that committed both countries to reducing their arsenals. Answer: True 100. The year 1989 saw a remarkable change in world politics. Answer: True 101. President Bush refused to identify any countries that could be thought to be part of the “axis of evil.” Answer: False 102. The end of the Cold War brought with it a dizzying array of complicated foreign policy issues. Answer: True 103. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is no longer in existence. Answer: False 104. Paradoxically, the end of the Cold War has left the United States more, rather than less, likely to use force. Answer: True Essay Questions 105. Explain what is meant by American exceptionalism. Answer: American exceptionalism is a belief or idea that suggests that the United States is unique or exceptional compared to other nations. This notion often includes the belief that the United States has a special mission or destiny in the world, and that it is different or superior in terms of its political, economic, and social institutions. Supporters of American exceptionalism argue that the United States has a unique history, values, and role in promoting freedom, democracy, and prosperity around the world. Critics, on the other hand, may see it as a form of nationalism or as a justification for certain policies or actions that are not universally accepted. 106. What effect has isolationism had on the United States in terms of foreign policy? Answer: Isolationism has had a significant impact on United States foreign policy throughout its history. Here are some key effects: 1. Limited involvement in international conflicts: Isolationism has led the United States to avoid entangling alliances and to refrain from involvement in many international conflicts. This approach was particularly prominent in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when the United States sought to avoid being drawn into European power struggles. 2. Impact on diplomacy: Isolationism has sometimes made it challenging for the United States to engage effectively in diplomatic efforts. By avoiding close involvement in international affairs, the U.S. has at times struggled to build strong relationships and alliances with other countries. 3. Economic consequences: Isolationism can have economic implications, as it may limit trade opportunities and economic growth that can result from international engagement. However, it can also protect domestic industries from foreign competition. 4. Shifts in policy over time: While isolationism has been a recurring theme in U.S. foreign policy, there have also been periods of more active engagement in global affairs. For example, the United States played a significant role in both World War I and World War II, despite earlier tendencies toward isolationism. 5. Impact on global leadership: Isolationism can affect the perception of the United States as a global leader. When the U.S. takes a more isolationist stance, it may be seen as less willing or able to lead on international issues, which can have implications for global stability and cooperation. Overall, isolationism has been a defining feature of United States foreign policy at various points in its history, shaping its approach to diplomacy, international conflicts, and global leadership. 107. What were the implications of the Monroe Doctrine for the United States? Answer: The Monroe Doctrine, articulated by President James Monroe in 1823, had several implications for the United States: 1. Established a foreign policy precedent: The Monroe Doctrine established a precedent for U.S. foreign policy that emphasized non-intervention in European affairs while asserting American interests in the Western Hemisphere. 2. Asserted regional hegemony: The doctrine asserted the United States' intention to be the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere and warned European powers against further colonization or interference in the region. 3. Shaped U.S. relations with Latin America: The Monroe Doctrine influenced U.S. relations with Latin American countries, sometimes serving as a justification for intervention or interference in the internal affairs of these nations. 4. Contributed to the idea of Manifest Destiny: The Monroe Doctrine contributed to the broader concept of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent. 5. Influenced later foreign policy: The principles of the Monroe Doctrine influenced later U.S. foreign policy, including the Roosevelt Corollary, which extended the doctrine's principles to justify U.S. intervention in Latin America. Overall, the Monroe Doctrine had significant implications for the United States, shaping its foreign policy approach to the Western Hemisphere and its broader role in the world. 108. Discuss US foreign policy in World War I. Answer: In World War I, the United States initially pursued a policy of neutrality, as President Woodrow Wilson aimed to keep the country out of the conflict that began in 1914. However, several factors eventually led to the U.S. entering the war on the side of the Allies in 1917. One of the key factors was Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, which targeted American ships, leading to the loss of American lives and property. The interception of the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico against the United States, further angered the American public and influenced their opinion towards entering the war. President Wilson also believed that U.S. entry into the war was necessary to make the world "safe for democracy" and to ensure a lasting peace. In April 1917, he asked Congress to declare war on Germany, which was approved, and the U.S. mobilized its resources for the war effort. During the war, the U.S. played a significant role in providing financial and material support to the Allies, which helped tip the balance of power in their favor. American troops also began arriving in Europe in large numbers, bolstering the Allied forces. After the war, President Wilson played a key role in the peace negotiations and proposed his Fourteen Points, which outlined his vision for a post-war world order based on principles such as self-determination and collective security. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war, incorporated some of Wilson's ideas, including the creation of the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among nations. Overall, U.S. foreign policy in World War I shifted from neutrality to active involvement, driven by a combination of factors including German actions, strategic interests, and Wilson's vision for a more peaceful world order. 109. Discuss the role of globalism during the Cold War. Answer: During the Cold War, globalism played a significant role in shaping the geopolitical landscape and the strategies of the superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. Globalism, in this context, refers to the idea of interconnectedness and interdependence among nations, particularly in the realms of economics, politics, and culture. One of the key aspects of globalism during the Cold War was the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence and control over other countries. This competition, known as the "Cold War rivalry," led to the establishment of spheres of influence, where each superpower sought to expand its political and ideological reach. This competition played out in various regions around the world, leading to proxy wars, such as those in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan, where local conflicts became battlegrounds for the larger Cold War struggle. Globalism also influenced economic policies during the Cold War. The United States promoted a capitalist economic system based on free markets and private enterprise, while the Soviet Union advocated for a socialist system based on state ownership and central planning. This ideological divide led to economic competition between the two blocs, with each side providing economic aid and support to countries that aligned with their respective ideologies. Culturally, globalism during the Cold War was characterized by the spread of American and Soviet influence through media, propaganda, and cultural exchange programs. The United States promoted its values of democracy, freedom, and consumerism, while the Soviet Union promoted socialism, communism, and anti-imperialism. This cultural competition, often referred to as the "battle of hearts and minds," was seen as crucial in winning the allegiance of people around the world. Overall, globalism during the Cold War was characterized by the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence and control over other countries. This competition played out in various ways, shaping the geopolitical landscape and influencing the policies and strategies of both superpowers. 110. What impact did the Vietnam War have on United States foreign policy? Answer: The Vietnam War had a profound impact on United States foreign policy, influencing its approach to military interventions, the use of force, and the concept of containment. 1. Distrust of Government: The war eroded trust in the government and its handling of foreign affairs. The perception of government deception, particularly regarding the Gulf of Tonkin incident, led to skepticism and a desire for more transparency in government actions. 2. Reevaluation of Military Interventions: The Vietnam War led to a reevaluation of the effectiveness and morality of military interventions. The costly and protracted nature of the conflict raised questions about the wisdom of committing troops to distant conflicts without clear objectives or exit strategies. 3. Shift in Foreign Policy Priorities: The war shifted the focus of U.S. foreign policy away from containment and towards a more pragmatic approach. This shift was reflected in the Nixon administration's policy of détente, which sought to improve relations with communist countries like China and the Soviet Union. 4. Human Rights and Moral Considerations: The Vietnam War also raised awareness about the human costs of war and the importance of human rights in foreign policy. The war's impact on civilians, as well as the use of tactics like napalm and Agent Orange, led to a greater emphasis on the moral dimensions of foreign policy decisions. 5. Limitation of Executive Power: The war led to increased scrutiny of presidential powers, particularly regarding the use of military force. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 was passed in response to the Vietnam War, requiring the president to consult with Congress before committing troops to hostilities. Overall, the Vietnam War had a lasting impact on United States foreign policy, shaping its approach to military interventions, the use of force, and the balance between national security and moral considerations. 111. How did the United States react to détente? Answer: The United States reacted to détente, a period of improved relations with the Soviet Union and China, in several ways: 1. Arms Control Agreements: The U.S. engaged in negotiations with the Soviet Union to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons. This led to the signing of several arms control agreements, including the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. 2. Cultural Exchanges: The U.S. participated in cultural exchanges with the Soviet Union and China, aiming to promote mutual understanding and reduce tensions between the countries. This included visits by American and Soviet leaders to each other's countries. 3. Trade and Economic Cooperation: The U.S. sought to increase trade and economic cooperation with the Soviet Union and China during the détente period. This included agreements on grain sales to the Soviet Union and opening up trade relations with China. 4. Human Rights Dialogue: The U.S. used détente as an opportunity to engage in dialogue with the Soviet Union and China on human rights issues. This included efforts to improve the treatment of dissidents and religious minorities in these countries. 5. Regional Conflicts: Despite the overall improvement in relations, the U.S. continued to be involved in regional conflicts and proxy wars with Soviet-backed forces. For example, the U.S. supported anti-communist forces in Afghanistan and Angola during the détente period. Overall, the U.S. reaction to détente was a mix of cooperation and competition. While there were efforts to reduce tensions and improve relations with the Soviet Union and China, the U.S. also continued to pursue its strategic interests and support anti-communist forces around the world. 112. What were some remarkable changes in world politics that occurred in 1989? Answer: Several remarkable changes in world politics occurred in 1989, including: 1. Fall of the Berlin Wall: Perhaps the most iconic event of 1989 was the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, which symbolized the end of the Cold War division between East and West Germany and marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War itself. 2. End of Communist Rule in Eastern Europe: 1989 saw a wave of peaceful revolutions and uprisings in Eastern European countries, leading to the collapse of communist governments. This included the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in Romania, and the dismantling of the communist regime in Hungary. 3. Poland's Solidarity Movement: In Poland, the Solidarity movement, led by Lech Wałęsa, played a significant role in challenging the communist government and eventually leading to free elections and the end of communist rule. 4. Tiananmen Square Protests: In China, the pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square in June 1989 were a significant event, although they ended in a violent crackdown by the Chinese government. 5. End of Apartheid in South Africa: While not directly related to the events in Europe, 1989 also saw the beginning of the end of apartheid in South Africa, with the release of Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years. 6. Shift in Global Power Dynamics: The events of 1989 led to a significant shift in global power dynamics, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower and the collapse of the Soviet Union leading to the end of the Cold War. 7. Impact on European Integration: The fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communist rule in Eastern Europe paved the way for greater European integration, leading to the eventual formation of the European Union. Overall, 1989 was a momentous year in world politics, marking the end of an era of division and conflict and the beginning of a new era of change and transformation. 113. Identify and discuss the foreign policy powers granted to Congress and the president? Answer: The United States Constitution grants certain foreign policy powers to both Congress and the President. These powers are outlined in Articles I and II of the Constitution. Powers Granted to Congress: 1. Declare War: Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution grants Congress the power to declare war. This means that only Congress has the authority to officially recognize a state of war between the United States and another country. 2. Ratify Treaties: While the President has the authority to negotiate treaties, they must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate before they can take effect. 3. Regulate Commerce with Foreign Nations: Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, including the power to impose tariffs and regulate international trade. 4. Control of Immigration and Naturalization: Congress has the authority to establish laws governing immigration and naturalization, including the admission of immigrants and the establishment of rules for becoming a citizen. 5. Appropriate Funds: Congress controls the purse strings and has the power to appropriate funds for foreign aid, military operations, and other foreign policy initiatives. Powers Granted to the President: 1. Commander-in-Chief: The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, giving them the authority to deploy troops and conduct military operations. 2. Negotiate Treaties: While treaties must be ratified by the Senate, the President has the authority to negotiate treaties on behalf of the United States. 3. Executive Agreements: The President has the authority to enter into executive agreements with other countries, which do not require Senate ratification. These agreements are typically used for less formal or temporary arrangements. 4. Recognition of Foreign Governments: The President has the authority to recognize foreign governments and establish diplomatic relations with other countries. 5. Executive Orders: The President can issue executive orders to direct the actions of the executive branch in the conduct of foreign policy, although these orders are subject to review by the courts and can be overturned by Congress. Overall, the Constitution grants both Congress and the President significant powers in the realm of foreign policy, reflecting the framers' intent to create a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. 114. Discuss how foreign policy is implemented. Answer: Foreign policy is implemented through a combination of diplomatic, economic, and military tools, often guided by overarching strategies and priorities set by the government. The implementation of foreign policy involves several key steps: 1. Policy Formulation: Foreign policy is formulated based on a country's national interests, which can include economic, security, and ideological concerns. Governments establish goals and objectives, which are then translated into specific policies and strategies. 2. Diplomacy: Diplomacy is a primary tool of foreign policy, involving negotiations, treaties, and agreements with other countries. Diplomatic efforts aim to resolve conflicts, promote cooperation, and advance national interests through peaceful means. 3. Economic Measures: Economic tools such as trade agreements, sanctions, and foreign aid are used to achieve foreign policy objectives. Economic measures can be used to incentivize cooperation, punish undesirable behavior, or promote development in strategic regions. 4. Military Force: In some cases, foreign policy objectives may require the use of military force. This can range from limited military operations, such as targeted airstrikes, to large-scale military interventions, depending on the nature of the threat and the goals of the policy. 5. Multilateral Engagement: Many countries engage in multilateral efforts through organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, or regional groupings. Multilateral engagement allows countries to address global challenges, pool resources, and build alliances to achieve common goals. 6. Public Diplomacy: Governments often use public diplomacy to engage with foreign publics, shape perceptions, and build relationships. This can include cultural exchanges, educational programs, and public outreach campaigns. 7. Intelligence and Information Gathering: Foreign policy implementation relies heavily on accurate and timely information. Intelligence agencies play a crucial role in providing policymakers with information on potential threats, opportunities, and the actions of other countries. 8. Evaluation and Adaptation: Foreign policy implementation is an ongoing process that requires continuous evaluation and adaptation. Governments must assess the effectiveness of their policies, adjust their strategies as needed, and respond to changing global conditions. Overall, the implementation of foreign policy is a complex and multifaceted process that requires coordination across government agencies, effective communication, and a clear understanding of national interests and objectives. 115. Discuss a number of democratic checks on foreign policy. Answer: In a democratic system, there are several checks and balances that help ensure accountability and oversight in foreign policy. These checks help prevent abuses of power, promote transparency, and ensure that foreign policy decisions reflect the will of the people. Some of the key democratic checks on foreign policy include: 1. Legislative Oversight: The legislative branch, typically through committees such as the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in the United States, plays a crucial role in overseeing foreign policy. Legislators review and debate foreign policy decisions, approve treaties, and have the power to declare war. 2. Budgetary Control: The power of the purse is a significant check on foreign policy. The legislature controls the allocation of funds for foreign affairs, including foreign aid, military operations, and diplomatic missions. This control allows the legislature to influence and shape foreign policy priorities. 3. Public Opinion: In a democracy, public opinion can exert significant influence on foreign policy decisions. Elected officials are accountable to the electorate and may face consequences at the ballot box if their foreign policy decisions are unpopular or perceived as against the national interest. 4. Judicial Review: The judiciary can review the constitutionality of foreign policy decisions and actions. Courts can rule on the legality of executive actions, ensuring that they comply with the constitution and relevant laws. 5. Media and Civil Society: The media and civil society play a crucial role in providing information, analysis, and criticism of foreign policy decisions. They can raise awareness, generate public debate, and hold policymakers accountable for their actions. 6. International Treaties and Agreements: International treaties and agreements can serve as checks on foreign policy by binding governments to certain actions and commitments. These agreements often require legislative approval and can be subject to judicial review. 7. International Organizations: Membership in international organizations, such as the United Nations or the European Union, can influence and constrain foreign policy decisions. These organizations often have rules and norms that member states must adhere to, promoting cooperation and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Overall, democratic checks on foreign policy help ensure that decisions are made transparently, accountably, and in the best interests of the country and its citizens. 116. Discuss foreign aid and economic sanctions as traditional tools of foreign policy. Answer: Foreign aid and economic sanctions are two traditional tools of foreign policy used by governments to achieve various objectives, including promoting economic development, influencing behavior, and addressing security concerns. Here is a discussion of each: 1. Foreign Aid: • Definition: Foreign aid refers to financial, technical, or material assistance provided by one country to another. • Objectives: Foreign aid is often used to promote economic development, alleviate poverty, improve healthcare and education, and support democratic governance in recipient countries. It can also be used to advance diplomatic and strategic interests. • Types: Foreign aid can be categorized into various types, including humanitarian aid (provided in response to natural disasters or conflicts), development aid (aimed at promoting long-term economic growth and poverty reduction), and military aid (provided to strengthen the recipient's military capabilities). • Effectiveness: The effectiveness of foreign aid is a subject of debate. Critics argue that it can create dependency, fuel corruption, and be ineffective in achieving its intended goals. Proponents argue that when properly targeted and managed, foreign aid can lead to positive development outcomes and improve diplomatic relations. 2. Economic Sanctions: • Definition: Economic sanctions refer to measures taken by one country or a group of countries to restrict trade, investment, or other economic activities with a target country. • Objectives: Economic sanctions are often used to influence the behavior of a target country, such as halting human rights abuses, stopping support for terrorism, or changing aggressive foreign policies. They can also be used as a form of punishment for violating international norms or agreements. • Types: Economic sanctions can take various forms, including trade embargoes (restricting or banning trade with the target country), financial sanctions (freezing assets or restricting access to financial markets), and travel bans (restricting the movement of individuals associated with the target country). • Effectiveness: The effectiveness of economic sanctions can vary depending on the target country and the specific objectives. In some cases, sanctions have led to changes in behavior or policy by the target country. However, they can also have negative effects on the civilian population and lead to unintended consequences. In conclusion, foreign aid and economic sanctions are two important tools of foreign policy that governments use to achieve a range of objectives. While they can be effective in certain circumstances, they also have limitations and can have unintended consequences, highlighting the need for careful consideration and strategic planning when using these tools. 117. Discuss the role of the State Department, the Defense Department, the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency in terms of affecting foreign policy. Answer: The State Department, the Defense Department, the National Security Council (NSC), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) play critical roles in affecting foreign policy, each with its own distinct responsibilities and functions: 1. State Department: • Role: The State Department is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States. It conducts diplomatic relations with foreign governments, negotiates treaties and agreements, and represents the U.S. in international organizations. • Functions: The State Department advises the President on foreign policy matters, provides consular services to American citizens abroad, and promotes U.S. interests and values overseas. • Impact: The State Department's diplomatic efforts are crucial for maintaining international relations, resolving conflicts, and advancing U.S. interests in areas such as trade, security, and human rights. 2. Defense Department: • Role: The Defense Department, also known as the Pentagon, is responsible for providing military forces to deter war and protect the security of the United States. • Functions: The Defense Department is responsible for planning and executing military operations, maintaining military readiness, and providing support to civil authorities in times of emergency. • Impact: The Defense Department's actions and capabilities can significantly influence foreign policy decisions, particularly in matters of national security and military intervention. 3. National Security Council (NSC): • Role: The National Security Council is the President's principal forum for coordinating national security and foreign policy matters. • Functions: The NSC advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of national security policy and provides strategic guidance on issues ranging from defense to intelligence to homeland security. • Impact: The NSC plays a critical role in shaping foreign policy by coordinating the efforts of various government agencies and advising the President on the best course of action in response to international challenges. 4. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): • Role: The CIA is responsible for providing national security intelligence to senior U.S. policymakers. • Functions: The CIA collects, analyzes, and disseminates intelligence on foreign governments, non-state actors, and other international developments that may affect U.S. interests. • Impact: The CIA's intelligence assessments are used to inform foreign policy decisions, support military operations, and counter threats to U.S. national security. Overall, these agencies play critical roles in shaping and implementing U.S. foreign policy, with each contributing its unique capabilities and expertise to advance the nation's interests and security. 118. Discuss the nuclear world that emerged at the end of World War II. Answer: The nuclear world that emerged at the end of World War II was characterized by the development and deployment of nuclear weapons, which had a profound impact on global politics, security, and diplomacy. Here are key aspects of this nuclear world: 1. Development of Nuclear Weapons: The United States developed and tested the first nuclear weapons during the Manhattan Project, leading to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. This marked the first and only use of nuclear weapons in warfare. 2. Cold War and Arms Race: The use of nuclear weapons in World War II and the subsequent emergence of the Soviet Union as a nuclear power fueled the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries engaged in an arms race, stockpiling nuclear weapons and developing more powerful delivery systems. 3. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD): The concept of MAD emerged during the Cold War, positing that the sheer destructiveness of nuclear weapons would deter both sides from using them. This doctrine shaped nuclear policy and strategy during the Cold War era. 4. Nuclear Proliferation: The nuclear world also saw the spread of nuclear weapons to other countries. The United Kingdom, France, China, and eventually other countries developed their own nuclear arsenals. Efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons led to the creation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. 5. Arms Control and Disarmament: Despite the arms race, efforts were made to control and reduce nuclear weapons. Several arms control agreements were signed between the United States and the Soviet Union, such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. 6. Nuclear Strategy and Doctrines: Nuclear weapons influenced military strategy and doctrines. Concepts such as deterrence, escalation control, and flexible response were developed to address the challenges of nuclear conflict. 7. Nuclear Terrorism and Non-State Actors: The nuclear world also raised concerns about nuclear terrorism and the possibility of non-state actors acquiring nuclear weapons or materials. Efforts were made to secure nuclear materials and prevent nuclear terrorism. Overall, the nuclear world that emerged at the end of World War II was characterized by the presence of nuclear weapons as a defining feature of global politics and security. The threat of nuclear war and the efforts to prevent it continue to shape international relations to this day. 119. Discuss US foreign policy during the New World Order. Answer: During the period often referred to as the "New World Order," which generally encompasses the late 1980s to the early 2000s, the United States underwent significant shifts in its foreign policy, largely in response to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. This era was characterized by a focus on promoting democracy, free markets, and American ideals worldwide. 1. End of the Cold War: With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the U.S. faced a new international landscape. The absence of a major global adversary led to a reassessment of U.S. foreign policy priorities. 2. Promotion of Democracy: The U.S. sought to promote democracy and free-market capitalism as the best systems for global prosperity and stability. This included supporting democratic movements and institutions in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. 3. Humanitarian Interventions: The U.S. engaged in several humanitarian interventions during this period, most notably in Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo. These interventions were aimed at ending humanitarian crises and promoting stability. 4. Globalization: The U.S. embraced globalization and worked to expand international trade and investment. This included negotiating trade agreements such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and the establishment of the WTO (World Trade Organization). 5. Military Interventions: The U.S. conducted several military interventions during this period, including the Gulf War in 1991, which was aimed at expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait, and the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. 6. War on Terror: The 9/11 attacks in 2001 led to a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy towards combating terrorism. The U.S. launched the War on Terror, which included military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as efforts to combat terrorist groups worldwide. 7. Criticism and Controversy: U.S. foreign policy during this period was not without criticism. The Iraq War, in particular, was highly controversial and led to widespread international condemnation. Critics argued that U.S. actions were unilateral and violated international law. Overall, U.S. foreign policy during the New World Order was characterized by a mix of idealism and pragmatism. The U.S. sought to promote its values and interests worldwide while also responding to emerging global challenges and threats. 120. Discuss the role of the public on foreign policy decision making. Answer: The public plays a significant role in foreign policy decision-making in democratic societies. While foreign policy is often perceived as the domain of experts and policymakers, public opinion can influence and shape the direction of a country's foreign policy in several ways: 1. Democratic Accountability: In democratic systems, elected officials are accountable to the public. Public opinion can influence politicians' decisions on foreign policy, as they seek to align their policies with the preferences of their constituents to secure re-election. 2. Public Pressure: Public opinion can exert pressure on governments to take specific foreign policy actions or positions. Mass protests, media coverage, and public advocacy campaigns can all influence policymakers' decisions. 3. Legitimacy and Support: Public support is crucial for the legitimacy of foreign policy decisions. Policies that are widely supported by the public are more likely to be seen as legitimate and effective. 4. Constraints on Policy: Public opinion can also constrain foreign policy options. Policies that are strongly opposed by the public may be politically unfeasible, leading policymakers to pursue alternative approaches. 5. Shaping Policy Preferences: Public opinion can shape policymakers' perceptions of national interests and priorities. Public attitudes towards issues such as national security, trade, and human rights can influence the formulation of foreign policy objectives. 6. Information and Education: Public engagement in foreign policy debates can lead to a more informed and educated public, which can contribute to more nuanced and effective foreign policy decision-making. 7. Role of Media: The media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion on foreign policy issues. Media coverage can influence public perceptions of foreign threats, conflicts, and the effectiveness of government policies. Overall, the public's role in foreign policy decision-making is complex and multifaceted. While policymakers must consider a wide range of factors when formulating foreign policy, public opinion remains a critical and influential factor that can shape the direction and outcomes of foreign policy decisions. Test Bank for Approaching Democracy Larry A Berman, Bruce Allen Murphy 9780205903825
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