This Document Contains Chapters 19 to 20 Chapter 19--Harvesting the Ocean's Resources 1. Fish and shellfish are an important part of people's diet accounting for what average percentage of protein? A. 6. B. 16. C. 26. D. 36. E. 56. Answer: B. 16. 2. Increased technology that has led to more captured fish include: A. sonar. B. radar. C. aircraft. D. underwater video surveillance cameras. E. sonar and aircraft. Answer: E. sonar and aircraft. 3. For each ton of fishery caught and fed to animals only about _______________ lbs. is available for human consumption. A. 400 B. 300 C. 200 D. 100 E. 50 Answer: C. 200 4. Fish and shellfish resources are considered: A. inexhaustible. B. finite. C. renewable. D. transferable. E. inorganic. Answer: C. renewable. 5. Fishery biologists primarily rely on data collected by: A. the fishery. B. independent population studies. C. carefully designed experiments. D. astrological charts. E. the military. Answer: A. the fishery. 6. Separate populations are called: A. schools. B. aggregates. C. stocks. D. clusters. E. races. Answer: C. stocks. 7. Fish are tagged or evaluated with molecular markers to: A. determine population distribution. B. promote catch and release. C. establish fishery composition. D. promote fishery strategies. E. immunize them against disease. Answer: A. determine population distribution. 8. To understand the population structure biologists conduct studies to determine all below except: A. population size. B. age. C. ocean conditions. D. sex ratios. E. growth rate. Answer: C. ocean conditions. 9. Fishery landings are an important source of: A. catch data. B. size data. C. effort data. D. All of these.. E. None of these. Answer: D. All of these.. 10. Fishery effort combined with catch data is used to: A. determine if a fishery is in jeopardy. B. determine the pay rate for fisherpersons. C. determine the economic value of a fishery. D. estimate the ocean’s productivity. E. All of these. Answer: A. determine if a fishery is in jeopardy. 11. When fishery effort increases and catch remains stable or decreases: A. fishers need to find alternative methods to catch fish. B. fishers simply need to relocate to another patch. C. the abundance of the fish is declining. D. costs remain high. E. the size of fish caught tends to increase. Answer: C. the abundance of the fish is declining. 12. The potential yield: A. is how many fish can be caught in a year. B. is an estimate of the amount of profit fishers can expect. C. is an estimate of the number of pounds of fish or shellfish that may be harvested per year. D. is an estimate of the profit from fish or shellfish that may be harvested per year. E. None of these. Answer: C. is an estimate of the number of pounds of fish or shellfish that may be harvested per year. 13. Traditionally, fisheries management has generally focused on: A. single species management. B. multi-species management. C. poly-culture. D. aquaculture. E. creation of marine reserves. Answer: A. single species management. 14. At least 60% of the _______________ most valuable fish species are overfished or fished to the limit. A. 30 B. 100 C. 150 D. 200 E. 400 Answer: D. 200 15. Trawl fishing: A. is used for catching pelagic fish. B. is responsible for overfishing tuna. C. is responsible for damaging bottom habitat. D. has significantly increased the abundance of fisheries. E. is environmentally sustainable. Answer: C. is responsible for damaging bottom habitat. 16. Fishing populations to low levels can cause a species to: A. relocate to distant locations. B. migrate out of the area. C. switch their prey items. D. become ecologically extinct. E. increase its reproductive rate. Answer: D. become ecologically extinct. 17. A decrease in relative abundance of a species can lead to: A. an increase in predator avoidance. B. replacement species. C. a change in ecosystem structure. D. rapid growth in the depressed population. E. greater ecosystem stability. Answer: C. a change in ecosystem structure. 18. Fishing gear that modifies the environment can lead to: A. increased complexity of the trophic food web. B. loss of necessary habitat for target and non-target species. C. improvement in habitat productivity. D. increased species diversity in the habitat. E. Fishing gear has been improved to prevent habitat problems. Answer: B. loss of necessary habitat for target and non-target species. 19. The dominant physical resources from the sea are: A. magnesium and iron. B. salt and water. C. gold and copper. D. sulfides and manganese. E. gold and oxygen. Answer: B. salt and water. 20. In warm areas, salt is extracted from seawater by: A. evaporation. B. freezing. C. reverse osmosis. D. chemical methods. E. filtration. Answer: A. evaporation. 21. All of the following are minerals commonly obtained from the seawater except: A. magnesium. B. bromine. C. gold. D. sulfides. E. chlorides. Answer: C. gold. 22. Tin is commonly found: A. in coastal sediments. B. in oceanic sediments. C. dissolved in seawater. D. in manganese nodules. E. at the bottom of trenches. Answer: A. in coastal sediments. 23. Coal is predominantly composed of the remains of: A. multicellular animals. B. phytoplankton. C. fungi. D. multicellular plants. E. gelatinous zooplankton. Answer: D. multicellular plants. 24. Oil and natural gas are predominantly composed of the remains of: A. multicellular animals. B. phytoplankton. C. fungi. D. multicellular plants. E. gelatinous zooplankton. Answer: B. phytoplankton. 25. The majority of energy resources taken from the sea are in the form of: A. coal. B. energy from tides. C. gas and oil. D. energy from waves. E. thermal energy. Answer: C. gas and oil. 26. The exclusive economic zone encompasses the area from the shore out to: A. 3 miles. B. 12 miles. C. 20 miles. D. 100 miles. E. 200 miles. Answer: E. 200 miles. 27. Enforcement of regulations in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States falls upon: A. the Department of Defense. B. National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration. C. the Coast Guard. D. the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Agency. E. the Navy. Answer: C. the Coast Guard. 28. Feeding fisheries catch to livestock is an inefficient way of distributing food resources because: A. higher level predators are being fed to grazers. B. cows cannot digest fish. C. grazers are being fed to predators. D. fish are a poor source of protein. E. the trend is towards increasing human consumption of fish. Answer: A. higher level predators are being fed to grazers. 29. Anchovies are an efficient fish to catch because they: A. are grazers. B. are filter feeders. C. travel in large dense schools. D. are small fish. E. swim quickly. Answer: C. travel in large dense schools. 30. The major reasons for the decline of the Peruvian anchovy fishery were: A. pollution and El Niño. B. political discord and pollution. C. pollution and overfishing. D. temperature decreases and El Niño. E. overfishing and El Niño. Answer: E. overfishing and El Niño. 31. Salmon fisheries are located in the coastal waters of: A. Alaska. B. New England. C. the Pacific Northwest. D. China. E. Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. Answer: D. China. 32. Tuna are captured commercially using: A. traps. B. purse seines. C. fishing poles. D. beach seines. E. bottom trawlers. Answer: B. purse seines. 33. Toxic red tides are especially harmful to the _______________ fishery. A. redfish B. tuna C. salmon D. shellfish E. squid Answer: D. shellfish 34. A relatively new product made from Alaska pollock is called: A. surimi. B. fish fillets. C. bottom fish. D. round fish. E. Krab. Answer: A. surimi. 35. Fish product consumers can promote sustainable fisheries by: A. purchasing fish at the lowest cost. B. keeping informed. C. making wise purchasing decisions. D. keeping informed and making wise purchasing decisions. E. purchasing fish at the lowest cost and making wise purchasing decisions. Answer: D. keeping informed and making wise purchasing decisions. 36. In tropical areas about _______________% of the mangroves remain. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 35 E. 50 Answer: E. 50 37. When mangroves and seagrasses are reduced or damaged all occur except: A. coastal erosion. B. reduction of productivity. C. reduced nursery grounds. D. increased primary production. E. increased sedimentation from land sources transported onto offshore coral reefs. Answer: D. increased primary production. 38. Incidental catch refers to: A. catch above a given quota. B. illegal fish catch. C. catch of noncommercial fish species. D. catch of endangered species. E. all the fish caught on a particular day. Answer: C. catch of noncommercial fish species. 39. When non-target species are caught they are called: A. excess fish. B. undesirable species. C. ineffective fishing. D. incidental catch. E. secondary catch. Answer: D. incidental catch. 40. Drift nets are fishing devices with an: A. average length of 40 to 50 meters and are 7 meters in depth. B. average length of 10 to 15 meters and are 5 meters in depth. C. average length of 50 to 70 meters and are 10 meters in depth. D. average length of over 100 meters and are 20 meters in depth. E. average length of 30 to 40 meters and are 5 meters in depth. Answer: A. average length of 40 to 50 meters and are 7 meters in depth. 41. Drift nets: A. are an important piece of fishery gear. B. have limited application in fisheries. C. have been banned internationally since 1992. D. are used only in the high seas. E. are environmentally sound. Answer: C. have been banned internationally since 1992. 42. For each pound of shrimp caught in the American fishery, how many pounds of other fish are discarded from the catch? A. 2 pounds. B. 5 pounds. C. 10 pounds. D. 15 pounds. E. 25 pounds. Answer: B. 5 pounds. 43. Aquaculture currently can raise all except: A. shrimp. B. swordfish. C. clams. D. oysters. E. salmon. Answer: B. swordfish. 44. Some of the problems with aquaculture include all except: A. converting productive habitat into less productive aquaculture. B. large amounts of fish meal and protein needed to raise biomass. C. pesticides and antibiotics in the tissues. D. increased shrimp for the restaurant trade. E. localized environmental degradation. Answer: D. increased shrimp for the restaurant trade. 45. The raising of more than one species of fish in a fish farming operation is called: A. monoculture. B. mariculture. C. polyculture. D. aquaculture. E. multiculture. Answer: C. polyculture. 46. Water obtained from seawater desalination is much cheaper than water pumped from the ground. Answer: False 47. Manganese nodules are actively mined from the sea today. Answer: False 48. Even though uranium cannot be extracted from seawater, it is nevertheless extracted from benthic sediments. Answer: True 49. Increases in fishing effort have led to a proportional increase in fisheries yield. Answer: False 50. Setting tuna nets only during the day will decrease the number of dolphins caught. Answer: True 51. Even though the U.S. tuna fishing industry is actively trying to avoid catching dolphins, there is still a big dolphin catch by foreign tuna fishers. Answer: True 52. The majority of animals caught in shrimp trawls are the shrimp themselves. Answer: False 53. Drift nets are allowed to float overnight in open ocean areas. Answer: True 54. An understanding of the biology of marine animals is needed in order to implement adequate management of marine fisheries. Answer: True 55. Compared to the Asian fisheries industry, the U.S. fishing industry efficiently utilizes almost all of the fish catch and almost all parts of a fish. Answer: False 56. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Sustainable resources renewable resources 2. Oil and coal non-renewable resources 3. Resources derived from microorganisms oil and gas Answer: 57. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Stocks reproductively isolated 2. Sustainable yield annual yield without being exploited 3. Potential yield maximize yield over several years Answer: 58. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. TEDS deaths of marine mammals and seabirds 2. Trawling drags on the bottom, damaging benthic habitat 3. Drift nets protects turtles 4. Shrimp/prawn farms destroys mangrove habitat Answer: 59. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Ocean ranching single species 2. Polyculture multispecies 3. Monoculture hatchery reared juveniles Answer: 60. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Coal plant origin 2. Oil microorganism origin 3. Methane hydrate decomposition with cold water Answer: 61. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Trawl surface net that encircles schools of fish 2. Ocean ranching dragged on seafloor 3. Backing down allows dolphins to escape 4. Purse seine hatcheries Answer: 62. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Ecologically extinct removal of large fish over time will affect this 2. Genetics no longer fulfills role in ecosystem 3. Habitat destruction reduces species abundance Answer: 63. Match the fish with the word denoting whether conscientious consumers should purchase it. 1. Avoid salmon-natural caught 2. Caution mahi-mahi 3. Best choice f armed Atlantic salmon Answer: 64. How is salt extracted from the sea? Answer: Seawater is placed in shallow ponds located in sunny areas. The water is evaporated and a concentrated brine forms. Next, new seawater is pumped into the pond and more evaporation takes placed until a super saturated brine forms. Complete evaporation leads to the formation of salt deposits that are harvested from the pond bed. 65. What problems are associated with desalination? Answer: First, desalination is a very expensive procedure. Energy is needed to heat seawater or to pump seawater through a high pressure filtration system. As a result, only wealthy water-starved nations can obtain their water by desalination. Second, the process of burning fossil fuels in order to generate needed energy to heat seawater is very polluting. 66. Most fossil fuels mined from the sea are mined in coastal areas that make up part of the continental shelf. Very little exploration for fossil fuels is done in the deep sea. What are some reasons for this? Answer: The most important reason for the limited exploration for fossil fuels in the deep sea is the prohibitive cost of operating in such deep waters. Technology has not been developed that would make such exploration economically feasible. Another factor has to do with the very slim chance of finding oil on the deep sea floor. This is because the oceanic crust, compared to the continental crust, is relatively new and is constantly being recycled in the Earth's interior. This means that there is very little time for biological deposits to become covered by many layers of sediment to produce the needed high pressure and temperature for the formation of oil. 67. Describe at least 3 effects of mangrove destruction on marine habitats. Answer: Fifty percent of mangrove habitat has been removed for commercial development. This leads to a loss in local fisheries, and contributes to contamination of coastal waters. Salinity has increased in estuaries and sediments are destabilized with the loss of the mangroves roots. Coastlines become destabilized and green house gases increase. 68. Describe the impact of the incidental catch of the U.S. trawl fishery on marine ecosystems. Answer: Incidental catch is the capture of non-target fish. Numerous species including porpoises, turtles, sea birds, fur seals, and sharks are left to die in the ocean. The U. S. trawls fishery not only kills 3-5 tons of fish each year, but also damages or destroys their habitat. The loss of habitat quality causes prolonged declines in both target and non-target stocks. 69. How could the decline of the population of anchovies off Peru preclude a future rebound in this population in and of itself even if, in the future, there was enough food in the water to support the growth of large populations of anchovies? Answer: When the anchovy population declines other fish species that occupy a similar niche to that of the anchovies, such as sardines, will explode in numbers due to the reduced competition with declining anchovies. As a result, a fledgling population of anchovies will find it difficult to compete with an established population of sardines when conditions in the water get better. 70. Give an example of how knowledge of the biology and life history of a particular fishery could help in the management of that fishery. Answer: By learning the biology, behavior, and life cycle of a particular species we can regulate the fishing of that species and limit it to periods or areas that would limit the impact on the population of the species. As an example, if a species of fishes tended to predominantly spawn in the spring, then it would make no sense to fish it extensively in the late winter when the adults have not yet reproduced. By doing so the fishers are catching the adults and preventing the establishment of offspring that will comprise future populations. Chapter 20--Oceans in Jeopardy 1. Ocean pollution includes all except: A. toxins. B. heavy metals. C. dissolved oxygen. D. oil. E. PCBs. Answer: C. dissolved oxygen. 2. Ocean dumping began: A. early in human history. B. with the development of Middle Age cities. C. with the Industrial Age. D. in the early part of the 19th century. E. in the 1960s. Answer: A. early in human history. 3. Ocean dumping of trash is an example of society doing all except: A. abusing the ocean. B. establishing environmental policies prior to problems arising. C. finding a viable solution to trash. D. having "out of sight, out of mind" mentality. E. None of these. Answer: C. finding a viable solution to trash. 4. Throughout this century, the military has: A. recycled all of its trucks and jeeps. B. processed chemicals prior to ocean dumping. C. discarded unwanted materials into the ocean. D. removed all unwanted materials to the land for processing. E. Discarded unwanted materials but not chemicals into the ocean. Answer: C. discarded unwanted materials into the ocean. 5. Future dumping of radioactive waste by U.S.-based organizations into the ocean requires: A. a permit by the Department of Commerce. B. approval by the President of the United States. C. an environmental impact statement and approval by both houses of Congress. D. approval by the EPA. E. approval by the Department of Energy. Answer: C. an environmental impact statement and approval by both houses of Congress. 6. The largest volumetric component of trash collected on beaches will likely be: A. metal. B. plastic. C. medical waste. D. glass. E. cigarette butts. Answer: B. plastic. 7. Volunteers, in a 3-hour period in September 2007, cleared: A. a thousand gallons of oil from Prince Rupert Sound. B. 6 million pounds of trash and debris. C. 6,435 syringes. D. 6 million pounds of trash and debris and 6,435 syringes. E. a thousand gallons of oil from Prince Rupert Sound and 6 million pounds of trash and debris. Answer: D. 6 million pounds of trash and debris and 6,435 syringes. 8. Over ______________% of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of a coastline. A. 10 B. 25 C. 40 D. 50 E. 70 Answer: D. 50 9. The biggest problem facing coastal habitats is not dumping but: A. overfishing. B. river runoff. C. development. D. offshore oil spills. E. nuclear power plant leakage. Answer: C. development. 10. A toxic organic compound is: A. chromium. B. polychlorinated biphenyls. C. trash. D. oil. E. zinc. Answer: B. polychlorinated biphenyls. 11. The following is not a heavy metal toxin: A. DDT. B. mercury. C. lead. D. zinc. E. copper. Answer: A. DDT. 12. Animals that are likely to be severely affected by DDT include: A. pelicans. B. jellyfish. C. anchovies. D. mussels. E. copepods. Answer: A. pelicans. 13. DDT was used in the U.S. in the _______________ industry. A. plastics B. agricultural C. paint D. manufacturing E. weapons Answer: B. agricultural 14. Species diversity of plankton in the North Atlantic has been reduced by: A. global warming. B. oil spills. C. toxic compounds. D. solar flares. E. alteration of surface currents. Answer: C. toxic compounds. 15. The reported effects of toxins on marine zooplankton include: A. increased sinking rate. B. faster growth. C. tumors. D. altered growth and development. E. increase in photosynthetic rates. Answer: D. altered growth and development. 16. Reported toxins' effects on marine phytoplankton include all of the following except: A. increased sinking rate. B. inhibited photosynthesis. C. reduced growth. D. reduced cell division. E. tumors. Answer: A. increased sinking rate. 17. Toxins can lead to: A. increased harvestable metals in the ocean. B. reduction in anaerobes in the sediment. C. reduction in primary production. D. increase in primary production. E. increase in individual size and growth rates. Answer: C. reduction in primary production. 18. Greenhouse gases are associated with all except: A. global warming. B. coral bleaching. C. cooling of Arctic waters. D. sea level rise. E. melting of glaciers. Answer: C. cooling of Arctic waters. 19. When seawater rises more than 10 mm per year, symbiotic zooxanthellae will: A. increase due to the warm water. B. be reduced without sufficient sunlight. C. be reduced by the increased pressure. D. increase due to the input of nutrients. E. increase due to increased water pressure. Answer: B. be reduced without sufficient sunlight. 20. Pollution in the coastal area has led to: A. sea level rise. B. an increase in upwelling. C. a decrease in economic and recreational value. D. a decrease in upwelling. E. increases in fishery landings. Answer: C. a decrease in economic and recreational value. 21. Most coastal pollution comes from: A. oil spills from ships. B. dumping of trash. C. military disposal. D. runoff from urban and agricultural lands. E. nuclear power plants. Answer: D. runoff from urban and agricultural lands. 22. Algal blooms result when unusually high amounts of nutrients enter the sea from: A. runoff from land. B. leaching from marine sediments. C. direct intentional dumping. D. input from wind. E. shipboard disposal at sea. Answer: A. runoff from land. 23. Sewage pollution is especially problematic in coastal areas: A. that are sparsely populated. B. after drought. C. after prolonged rains. D. having fast moving currents. E. All of these. Answer: C. after prolonged rains. 24. Treated sewage released into the ocean adds large amounts of _______________ into the water. A. bacteria B. DDT C. PCBs D. chlorine E. zinc Answer: D. chlorine 25. What type of organism can concentrate microbes? A. Grazers. B. Filter feeders. C. Secondary consumers. D. Tertiary consumers. E. Scavengers. Answer: B. Filter feeders. 26. Health officials measure _______________ to evaluate if disease agents are present. A. byssal thread density B. changes in species composition C. coliform bacteria D. the oyster index E. water density Answer: C. coliform bacteria 27. Eutrophication occurs when: A. species diversity increases. B. coliform bacteria counts go up. C. nutrient levels decline. D. nutrient levels increase. E. sea surface temperature decreases. Answer: D. nutrient levels increase. 28. In waters of low nutrients, eutrophication can lead to: A. increased production. B. reduced production. C. decreased phytoplankton growth. D. reduction in species diversity. E. increased water clarity. Answer: A. increased production. 29. Outbreaks of the dinoflagellates Pfesteria has been attributed to: A. septic tank overflows. B. agricultural runoff. C. oil pollution. D. carbon emissions. E. urban runoff. Answer: B. agricultural runoff. 30. Sewage treatment is a way to prevent raw sewage causing: A. oil spills. B. oligotrophy. C. eutrophication. D. global warming. E. coastal erosion. Answer: C. eutrophication. 31. The process whereby toxins are actively taken up by an organism is called: A. additive affect. B. bioaccumulation. C. trophic dynamics. D. predator-prey relationships. E. adsorption onto seston. Answer: B. bioaccumulation. 32. The increase in the concentration of toxicants up the food chain is called: A. bioaccumulation. B. biomagnification. C. detoxification. D. organic magnification. E. None of these. Answer: B. biomagnification. 33. It is estimated that _______________ tons of plastic enter the ocean annually. A. 500 B. 500 thousand C. 1 million D. 10 million E. 100 million Answer: C. 1 million 34. Discarded or lost drift nets will have a large impact on: A. schooling fishes. B. marine mammals. C. benthic invertebrates. D. zooplankton. E. both a and b. Answer: E. both a and b. 35. Discarded plastic nets (known as ghost nets) and cargo straps are responsible: A. for the accumulation of debris. B. for the death of up to 300,000 fur seals annually. C. for reduction of lobster. D. for catches of shellfish. E. for supporting a viable fishery. Answer: B. for the death of up to 300,000 fur seals annually. 36. Lost traps to collect shellfish have a large impact on: A. marine mammals. B. marine birds. C. marine turtles. D. lobster and crabs. E. plankton. Answer: D. lobster and crabs. 37. Plastics can best be described as being: A. persistent. B. biodegradable. C. harmless to marine animals. D. found only in areas where they are dumped. E. recyclable. Answer: A. persistent. 38. Plastic pollution is considered by many scientists to be: A. a minor nuisance. B. biodegradable. C. of lesser importance than oil or toxins. D. of equal importance to oil and toxins. E. a problem best left for the next generation to deal with. Answer: D. of equal importance to oil and toxins. 39. Straight-chain oils are called: A. aliphatic hydrocarbons. B. aromatic hydrocarbons. C. mixed hydrocarbons. D. ethyl oils. E. aromatic oils. Answer: A. aliphatic hydrocarbons. 40. The largest oil spill in the United States was: A. Santa Barbara. B. Valdez, Alaska. C. New Orleans. D. New York. E. San Francisco Bay. Answer: B. Valdez, Alaska. 41. Toxic oil compounds' effects on the invertebrates include(s): A. tainted flesh moving up the food chain. B. all invertebrates are tolerant of oil pollution. C. acting like a narcotic. D. tainted flesh moving up the food chain and acting like a narcotic. E. All of these. Answer: D. tainted flesh moving up the food chain and acting like a narcotic. 42. Which of the following is the greatest effect of oil on marine mammals and birds? A. It is toxic to these animals. B. It clogs their feeding structures. C. It causes them to lose their insulation, leading to death by hypothermia. D. It kills their food source. E. It suffocates them. Answer: C. It causes them to lose their insulation, leading to death by hypothermia. 43. The community effect of oil pollution is: A. increased biomass. B. reduced diversity. C. longer food chains. D. increased trophic complexity. E. greater stability. Answer: B. reduced diversity. 44. All of the following are currently used to clean up oil spills except: A. booms. B. naturally occurring bacteria. C. genetically engineered bacteria. D. straw. E. skimmers. Answer: C. genetically engineered bacteria. 45. In the U.S. over _______________ of the coastal wetland habitats have been destroyed. A. 40% B. 50% C. 60% D. 70% E. 80% Answer: B. 50% 46. A big obstacle preventing the protection of coastal wetlands is: A. lack of laws protecting wetlands. B. lack of interested groups. C. politically-motivated decisions to change the definitions of wetlands. D. lack of scientific understanding about the ecosystems. E. None of these. Answer: C. politically-motivated decisions to change the definitions of wetlands. 47. PCBs are considered heavy metals. Answer: False 48. DDT and PCBs are no longer legally used anywhere in the U.S. Answer: True 49. DDT breaks down in the environment fairly quickly. Answer: False 50. Lead pollution has been on the rise since the 1970s. Answer: False 51. The trophic levels that are most seriously harmed by biomagnified pollutants are the lower grazers and producers. Answer: False 52. Benthic organisms living in any U.S. estuary will likely show some effect of pollution. Answer: True 53. When a pollutant interferes with photosynthesis of phytoplankton it indirectly affects higher trophic levels. Answer: True 54. The heavier components of oil evaporate fairly quickly. Answer: False 55. A rapid rise in water levels of the ocean could result in the deaths of corals. Answer: True 56. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. PCB garbage 2. Organic wastes chlorinated toxin 3. Mercury heavy metal Answer: 57. Match the pollution source with the most closely associated term. 1. Biomagnification caused by agriculture runoff 2. Eutrophication impacted by plastic wastes 3. Marine mammals DDT is a prime example Answer: 58. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons benzene and other ring-shaped molecules 2. Aromatic hydrocarbons heptane and other straight-chain molecules 3. PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls 4. Microorganisms coliforms Answer: 59. Match the percent with its most closely associated pollution source based on ICC volunteer efforts. 1. Smoking Related 57.4 2. Ocean/Waterway 33.6 3. Shoreline and Recreational Activity 6.3 Answer: 60. Match the pollution source category with a common activity. 1. Medical waste food and beverage containers 2. Shoreline and recreational activity fishing nets, buoys, and traps 3. Dumping-related activities building materials 4. Ocean and waterway activities condoms and tampons Answer: 61. Match the words with the most closely associated result. 1. Bottom destruction draining and filling 2. Wetland destruction fishing trawls 3. Coastal pollution land runoff Answer: 62. Match the possible solution with the problem. 1. Eutrophication degradable by seawater and sunlight 2. Oil pollution treatment of sewage 3. Plastics prevention and treatment of urban run-off Answer: 63. Match the words with the most closely associated effect. 1. Potential death of zooxanthellae and coral from low light levels ocean rising 2. Thinning of seabirds’ eggshells DDT 3. Loss of zooxanthellae from reefbuilding corals ocean warming Answer: 64. Match the words with the most closely associated organism. 1. Filter feeders concentrate hepatitis viruses 2. Coliforms mercury poisoning 3. Biological magnification used to indicate sewage pollution Answer: 65. Match the effects of oil pollution with the most closely associated organism. 1. Mollusks colonizes vacated areas on rocky shores 2. Otters and sea birds causes hypothermia 3. Seaweeds toxins in oil act as a narcotic Answer: 66. Briefly describe the kinds of trash, amount of trash, and economic impact of dumping trash in the ocean, using Florida as an example. Answer: Common trash includes tobacco products, glass, metal, and plastic. In Florida alone, 61% of the 2.8 tons of trash collected by volunteers was plastic; the remainder consisted of tobacco, glass, metal, and syringes. This brief clean-up saved the state of Florida $500,000. 67. What are the problems associated with dumping radioactive waste in subduction zones of the deep sea? Answer: Because the subduction of the oceanic plates is so slow, it is likely that the containers holding radioactive waste will erode long before they are subducted. As a result, dumping containers holding this waste in the deep sea will surely result in radioactive contamination of the deep sea. 68. How is it that DDT and PCB pollution continue today even though these pollutants have been banned in the U.S. for many years? Answer: PCBs and DDT are synthetic organic compounds that are unusually persistent in the environment. As a result, quantities of these pollutants that were used many years ago are still present in the soil and can still find their way into the sea where they can pollute. In addition, DDT and PCBs that made it into the sea are highly concentrated in the sediment where they leach out into the water column very slowly. 69. Briefly describe how toxic materials like DDT that have low concentrations in the water column affect organisms at distant locations. Answer: Currents can move the toxins from their source and they are persistent. Two biological processes increase the toxicity of the compounds. Bio-accumulation occurs when a low-trophic-level organism actively takes up the toxin. Bio-magnification occurs when predators concentrate the toxin further, eventually leading to lethal and sub-lethal effects. 70. In Long Beach, CA, recent proposals have suggested removing the breakwall that has protected the Los Angeles/Long Beach harbor for nearly half a century. This has been suggested as a way of returning the Long Beach coastline to its natural pre-breakwall state. Can you suggest any reasons why this may not be such a good idea? Answer: Since the breakwall surrounds a heavily populated and industrialized part of Southern California, it is likely that many pollutants have entered the harbor over the many years of its operation. It is also likely that many of these pollutants have settled to the bottom along with very fine silt as a result of the low wave and current activity in the harbor. Indiscriminately tearing down the breakwall could result in the resuspension of fine particles and pollutants into the water column with detrimental effects on pelagic and benthic organisms. Some of these effects could also be felt in surrounding areas depending on the movement of currents. 71. Why are toxins more concentrated in sediments than in the overlying water column? Answer: Many toxic substances such as heavy metals and synthetic organic compounds have high affinities for suspended particles or floating phytoplankton cells. As a result, when these particles settle, or when the phytoplankton die or are eaten by benthic organisms, the pollutants ultimately find their way into the sediment sink where they remain until disturbed. 72. What are some ways of making plastic pollution less damaging to the marine environment? Answer: During the manufacturing process chemicals can be added to plastic that would make them vulnerable to attack by seawater or to degradation by sunlight. 73. Why is marine transportation of oil a big problem for the environment? Answer: First, most major ports and loading stations are located within protected waters such as bays, sounds, and estuaries. These areas are highly vulnerable to oil spills due to fragile marine life that exists in these areas. The problem is compounded by the fact that the majority of oil spills take place in nearshore waters because of increased traffic or bottom dangers. 74. Recent outbreaks of the dangerous dinoflagellate Pfisteria in the waters off North Carolina have been linked to hog farming inland of the coast. What is the connection between the two? Answer: Dinoflagellates are very sensitive to nutrient levels in the water column. When these nutrients increase the dinoflagellate population explodes. A byproduct of hog farming is massive quantities of animal waste that ultimately find their way to the sea by runoff from land. These waste materials are loaded with nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates, which fuel the bloom of the Pfisteria population. 75. Describe at least 3 effects of oil spills on marine organisms and the marine environment. Answer: Oil spills harm marine organisms and environments in a number of ways. Oil is toxic to many species that ingest the oil directly or through their food. This can have severe effects on the immune, reproductive, and other systems of these animals. Oil can also have a clogging effect on the feeding apparatus of benthic and planktonic animals, indirectly killing these animals by starvation. Oil is known to kill birds and mammals such as otters by removing their means of insulation, which results in death to these animals by exposure. In addition to its effects on animals, oil can coat coastlines, thereby rendering them uninhabitable to marine organisms. This could also result in larger ecological effects by reducing species diversity and altering the species composition of an area. 76. What are 2 reasons why tropical environments are potentially less vulnerable to the effects of oil pollution than higher latitude areas? Answer: In the tropics the combination of high temperatures and strong sunlight mean that oil will potentially be broken down faster by photodegradation. Another factor has to do with the metabolic rates of marine organisms in the tropics versus those of animals living in colder waters. Tropical animals have faster metabolic rates, which means that they could potentially excrete or detoxify oil pollution faster than their cold water counterparts. It also means that tropical animals can reproduce faster to replace dead animals. Test Bank for Introduction to Marine Biology George Karleskint, Richard Turner, James Small 9780495561972, 9780534420727
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