CH-3-4 Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society, 1619-1692 – American Stories: A History of the United States : Exam Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 3 to 4 Chapter 3: Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and
Oppression in Colonial Society, 1619–1692 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Puritans viewed which of the following as essential to their New England commonwealth? a. strict adherence to personal hygiene measures b. a flexible form of colonial administration c. a healthy family life d. the rapid creation of an urban society in New England e. honest public officials Answer: c 2) The explanation for the tremendous population growth of seventeenth-century New England can be found in the __________. a. extraordinary fertility of New England women b. emphasis Puritans placed on having large families c. fact that local Native American tribes were remarkably friendly d. long lives of New England settlers e. agricultural richness of the New World Answer: d 3) New England families differed from those of other English colonies in that they often included __________. a. Native American wives b. grandparents c. polygamy d. widows e. extended families living in one household Answer: b 4) In New England, women __________. a. enjoyed rights and powers equal to those of men b. outnumbered men in church by two to one c. had no economic power whatsoever d. could easily divorce their husbands e. began to lobby for voting rights in this colonial period Answer: b 5) The society created by Puritans in New England __________. a. copied the social order they had left behind in England b. was modeled on contemporary Dutch society c. represented a near-total rejection of traditional English ways d. was quite similar to that of the Chesapeake region e. adapted to include slavery Answer: a 6) Sumptuary laws __________. a. made excessive gluttony a crime b. prohibited the poor or underclass from wearing fine clothes c. criminalized frivolity on the Sabbath d. provided that only "visible saints" could be buried in a church cemetery e. made church attendance compulsory Answer: b 7) The most important reason for the difference between the New England and Chesapeake colonies was based on __________. a. differing environmental conditions b. the much higher mortality rate of the Chesapeake colonies c. the practice of slavery in the southern colonies d. contrasting economic systems e. varying degrees of ethnic diversity in the populations Answer: b 8) Compared to New England, Chesapeake society __________. a. was more democratic b. was characterized by small farms c. possessed fewer families d. had a more demographically concentrated population e. had fewer slaves Answer: c 9) By the late 1600s, the gap between rich and poor in white Chesapeake society __________. a. steadily shrank b. steadily widened c. remained unchanged d. could not be estimated e. is not mentioned by contemporary chroniclers Answer: b 10) Of the estimated 11 million African slaves carried to America, the great majority were sent to __________. a. Brazil and the Caribbean b. British North America c. Chile d. Argentina e. Central America Answer: a 11) In the early seventeenth century, Virginia's blacks __________. a. were encouraged to marry white women b. occasionally served in the House of Burgesses c. were sometimes indentured servants d. greatly outnumbered whites e. slowly integrated into white society Answer: c 12) During the colonial period, most of the slaves sent to the North American colonies were supplied by the __________. a. Dutch b. Americans c. Portuguese d. Spanish e. British Answer: e 13) The eighteenth-century population of the lowlands of South Carolina was ________ percent black. a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60 e. 70 Answer: d 14) Gullah, a Creole language, was spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia until the __________. a. beginning of the Civil War b. end of the twentieth century c. inhabitants were killed during the Civil War d. middle of the twentieth century e. end of the nineteenth century Answer: e 15) In which colony were African Americans most able to preserve their African identity? a. New Jersey b. South Carolina c. Pennsylvania d. New York e. North Carolina Answer: b 16) The most serious slave rebellion of the colonial period was __________. a. the Stono Uprising b. the Denmark Vesey Conspiracy c. Nat Turner's Rebellion d. the Jamestown Massacre e. Bacon's Rebellion Answer: a 17) British authorities based their colonial commercial policies on the theory of __________. a. feudalism b. monopolism c. mercantilism d. federalism e. republicanism Answer: c 18) The Navigation Acts established the principle that __________. a. certain American products could be sold only in England b. only English merchants could engage in colonial trade c. all colonial goods sold in England had to be shipped in American vessels d. only colonial merchants could engage in colonial trade e. goods imported to the colonies could not be transhipped through England Answer: a 19) The intention of the Navigation Acts was to __________. a. allow England to monopolize American trade b. promote English industrial development c. keep the American colonies weak and dependent d. stimulate colonial economic diversification e. finance the British navy Answer: a 20) The Staple Act of 1663 stated that __________. a. Americans must stop raising corn and wheat b. imports to America had to be first shipped through England c. Americans could not produce iron products d. rum had to be manufactured in the West Indies e. Americans could only produce staple foodstuffs Answer: b 21) Beginning in 1696, the ________ monitored colonial affairs closely. a. House of Commons b. Lords of Trade c. Board of Trade d. Privy Council e. vice-admiralty courts Answer: c 22) One of the major causes of __________ was the disfranchisement of landless freemen by the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1670. a. Bacon's Rebellion b. Coode's Rebellion c. Leisler's Rebellion d. the Stono Uprising e. Shays's Rebellion Answer: a 23) The armed conflict between Native Americans and New Englanders in 1675 was led by __________. a. Massasoit b. Powhatan c. Metacomet d. Tecumseh e. Opechancanough Answer: c 24) The peaceful ousting of James II by Parliament in 1688 was known as __________. a. King James' War b. the Restoration c. Parliament's Rebellion d. the Glorious Revolution e. the People's War Answer: d 25) As a result of the Salem witchcraft trials, __________. a. nineteen people were hanged b. twenty-three people were banished c. eight people were pressed to death with weights d. fourteen people were burned at the stake e. nine people were executed by firing squad Answer: a 26) Why were New England colonists more likely to maintain English customs than those who migrated to Virginia and Maryland? a. The New England colonists came from higher social ranks than those in the other colonies, and were more familiar with traditional English customs. b. The New England colonists brought more English goods with them to America, which helped keep the traditions alive. c. The New England colonists tended to migrate as families and thus were able to keep family and other traditions in the New World. d. The New England colonists generally came to America as single men and women and found that preserving their English customs comforted them. e. The New England colonists were proud to be English, while the other colonists wanted to reject their English traditions. Answer: c 27) Why did the population of New England rise in the seventeenth century? a. Better overall health resulted in longer-lived people. b. Puritans families tended to have many children. c. Couples in New England married younger and tended to have more children. d. Many more immigrants came to New England than to the other colonies. e. Colonists from the southern colonies moved to New England in large numbers. Answer: a 28) What role did women have in the New England colonies? a. They generally had no independence at all from men. b. They had the same legal rights as men, but could not vote. c. They made no decisions and simply followed the orders of men. d. They had no legal rights, but they were able to vote and hold public office. e. They were respected for their work but were not considered equal to men. Answer: e 29) Why did Massachusetts and Connecticut feel the need to pass sumptuary laws? a. They weren't comfortable with the idea that lower-class people were taking on the trappings of upper classes. b. They weren't comfortable with the idea that upper class people were "slumming" and taking on the trappings of lower classes. c. They wanted to abolish all signs of the British social class system. d. They wanted to establish a minimum dress code for the lower classes. e. They wanted to establish a minimum dress code for all colonial classes. Answer: a 30) Which is true of the New England colonies? a. Most families had several servants. b. There were wide gaps between the rich and poor. c. Land ownership was widespread. d. Few colonists owned their own land. e. All free males could vote. Answer: c 31) The Chesapeake colonies differed from New England colonies largely because of __________. a. differing environmental conditions b. a significantly higher mortality rate c. the practice of slavery in the Chesapeake colonies d. contrasting colonial economic systems e. varying degrees of ethnic diversity Answer: b 32) Population growth in seventeenth-century Virginia and Maryland was retarded by __________. a. many young women who chose to remain single to ensure their property rights b. low birth rates in both colonies c. the kidnapping of many women and children by local Indians d. a high life expectancy rate for women but not for men e. a gender ratio that was seriously unbalanced Answer: e 33) How would late-seventeenth-century Virginia best be described? a. a plantation society, dominated by a slaveholding aristocracy b. a diversified society and economy, with minimal social stratification c. a society of small farmers, committed to multicrop agriculture d. a successful commercial enterprise that returned large profits to the crown e. a society struggling with the question of slavery Answer: a 34) What hindered the development of towns in the Chesapeake region? a. hostility between different ethnic groups b. the absence of navigable rivers c. the absence of a vibrant middle class d. the dependence on a one-crop economy based on tobacco e. the dependence on a one-crop economy based on cotton Answer: d 35) Why did colonial lawmakers create strict slave codes in the late 1600s? a. Lawmakers wanted slaves to be treated fairly. b. Lawmakers feared an uprising because the African population had increased greatly. c. Lawmakers wanted to prevent an influx of additional Africans into America. d. Lawmakers wanted African Americans to be treated the same as indentured servants. e. Lawmakers wanted to pave the road for African slaves to eventually become citizens. Answer: b 36) Which sentence best characterizes the creole languages that developed among slaves in some parts of the South in the seventeenth century? a. Creole languages were a mixture of English and different African languages. b. Creole languages were a mixture of different African languages with no English. c. Creole languages were a mixture of French, English, and Dutch languages. d. Creole languages were written versions of African languages. e. Creole languages were informal, colloquial versions of English. Answer: a 37) Which provides the strongest evidence that eighteenth-century slavery was based on racist views? a. The status of a person as a slave depended entirely on the amount of money a person had, and blacks had little money. b. The status of a person as a slave depended on where the person was born, and being born in Africa made a person a slave. c. The status of a person as a slave depended entirely on skin color. d. The status of a person as a slave depended partly on skin color and partly on intelligence. e. The status of a person as a slave depended entirely on social class. Answer: c 38) Which statement best describes a mercantilist economic system? a. Trade benefits all trading partners equally. b. Trade benefits only the weak nations. c. One nation's success in commerce has no effect on other nations. d. One nation's success in commerce is another nation's loss. e. One nation's success in commerce benefits all nations. Answer: d 39) Why did the Virginia tobacco planters oppose the Navigation Acts? a. Trading with the Dutch made the price of tobacco decrease. b. Virginians wanted to be able to import goods from France. c. The planters received smaller profits due to the taxes on tobacco. d. They wanted tobacco to be transhipped through England first. e. The cost of ships reduced the profits they made from tobacco. Answer: c 40) What did the seventeenth-century revolts of American colonial gentry represent? a. an early rehearsal for the American Revolution b. confrontations between ordinary people and their rulers c. competition among local factions for control of their colonies d. ideological struggles over colonial rights e. a struggle between the planters and yeoman farmers Answer: c 41) Nathaniel Bacon __________. a. resented the elite leaders of Jamestown because he knew he would never be accepted into their ruling clique b. started a rebellion to prevent Governor Berkeley from waging a war against the Susquehannock Indians c. was perceived as a hero by the common people of Virginia d. was executed by the forces of Charles II for his rebellion e. was a former indentured servant who was denied farming land in the Virginia Colony Answer: c 42) Which issue led directly to Bacon's Rebellion? a. the inability of the governor to effectively control the Indians on the frontier b. the unfair trial of colonial smugglers by British admiralty courts c. Parliament's decision to appoint the governor rather than allow popular elections d. the attempt to move the capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg e. the attempt of Bacon to obtain a license to engage in the fur trade Answer: a 43) What happened to Bacon's Rebellion after Bacon died of fever? a. It collapsed entirely. b. It went "underground" but returned during the American Revolution. c. It was ended by Berkeley's charitable pardoning of rebel leaders. d. It was ended by a royal commission and investigation. e. It was carried on by his first lieutenant. Answer: a 44) What was the New England version of the Glorious Revolution? a. a year-long celebration of the overthrow of James II b. the overthrow of Governor Andros c. a year-long celebration of the crowning of William and Mary d. a new Bill of Rights for all colonists e. a new Bill of Rights for land-owning colonists Answer: b 45) What do we know about the sources of the witchcraft hysteria in Salem? a. They are known to have been primarily economic. b. They reflected the community's underlying resistance to the teachings of Calvinism. c. They lay in the community's dislike of English authority. d. They are a subject of debate among historians. e. They may have been related to the presence of real witches. Answer: d 46) What was one of the main causes of the Salem witchcraft hysteria? a. a recent influx of immigrants from England b. disagreements between Salem's poor people and its upper classes c. Salem's history of engaging in occult practices. d. the reduced piety of the young people of Salem e. a lack of understanding of spectral evidence Answer: b 47) During the Salem witchcraft hysteria, Increase Mather and other leading ministers __________. a. called for execution of the accused witches b. completely ignored the controversy c. urged restraint and caution d. called for colony-wide searches for accused witches e. questioned the validity of the testimony of minors Answer: c 48) What was a difference between the rights of women in the Chesapeake region and those of women in New England? a. Women in the Chesapeake region tended to have more rights because they were fewer in number and thus had greater bargaining power. b. Women in New England had more rights because there were more women there and they had greater strength as a community. c. Women in New England had fewer rights because the colonists there came from stricter and more traditional backgrounds. d. Women in the Chesapeake region tended to have fewer rights because the planter class had more restrictions on the roles of women in society. e. Women in New England had fewer rights because the women there tended to live much shorter lives than those in the Chesapeake region. Answer: a 49) Why is the Navigation Act in 1660 considered the most important piece of imperial legislation drafted before the American Revolution? a. It allowed the development of the colonial navy into one of the most powerful in the world. b. It had an enormous impact on the way goods were taxed in the English colonies, which ultimately led the colonists to revolt. c. It allowed colonists to trade with the Dutch, which eventually caused the British to retaliate with acts that sparked the American Revolution. d. It established France and Holland as allies of the colonies and enemies with England. e. Its passage directly led to the Boston Tea Party, which was the first act of rebellion by the American colonists. Answer: b 50) What is meant by this statement: "The elements that sparked a powerful sense of nationalism among colonists dispersed over a huge territory would not be evident for a long time"? a. The colonists tended to dislike the colonists in regions other than their own. b. The colonies were getting very close to forming an independent country. c. The colonies were still separate and had very little to do with each other. d. The colonies had expanded to a huge area of the country. e. The colonists saw themselves as English first and Americans second. Answer: c Essay Questions 51) What was the cultural and economic role of the family in colonial New England? Answer: In colonial New England, the family played a central role in both cultural and economic aspects of life. Families were typically large and patriarchal, with the father as the head of the household. The family unit was seen as the foundation of society and was responsible for the upbringing and education of children. Economically, families in colonial New England often operated as self-sufficient units, particularly in rural areas. They would grow their own food, raise livestock, and produce goods such as clothing and household items. This self-sufficiency was important due to the limited availability of goods and services, as well as the lack of a formalized market economy in the early colonial period. Culturally, the family served as a source of identity and stability in a challenging and often harsh environment. Religious beliefs and practices were central to family life, with the Puritan emphasis on hard work, discipline, and moral living shaping the values of the community. Overall, the family was the cornerstone of colonial New England society, providing economic support, cultural identity, and social structure for its members. 52) What economic factors shaped the emerging social structures of colonial America? Answer: Several economic factors shaped the emerging social structures of colonial America: 1. Agrarian Economy: The economy of colonial America was primarily agrarian, with farming as the main occupation for a majority of the population. This led to the development of a social hierarchy based on land ownership, with large landowners at the top and tenant farmers and laborers at the bottom. 2. Indentured Servitude and Slavery: The use of indentured servants and later African slaves in the colonies created a stratified society. Wealthy landowners who could afford to purchase laborers gained significant economic and social power, while indentured servants and slaves faced limited social mobility and often lived in harsh conditions. 3. Trade and Commerce: The growth of trade and commerce, particularly in port cities like Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, created opportunities for merchants and traders to amass wealth. This led to the emergence of a merchant class that wielded considerable influence in colonial society. 4. Mercantilism: The economic policy of mercantilism, which emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth through trade and the establishment of colonies, influenced social structures in colonial America. The colonial economy was closely tied to the economic interests of the mother country, leading to a system where wealth and power were concentrated in the hands of a few colonial elites who had close ties to British mercantile interests. 5. Urbanization: The growth of cities and towns in colonial America led to the development of urban social structures characterized by greater diversity and social mobility. Cities became centers of commerce, culture, and politics, attracting people from different backgrounds and creating a more dynamic social environment. Overall, the economic factors of colonial America played a significant role in shaping its social structures, creating a society marked by economic inequality, social stratification, and limited social mobility for many individuals. 53) Describe the origins of slavery in the mainland English colonies. How did Africans adjust to life as slaves? What factors influenced the enactment of slave codes by colonial assemblies? Answer: Slavery in the mainland English colonies of North America originated from the demand for labor in the growing agricultural economies, particularly in the Southern colonies where labor-intensive crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo were cultivated. Africans were initially brought to the colonies as indentured servants, but over time, the institution of slavery became more entrenched. Africans adjusted to life as slaves through various means, including cultural adaptation, creating new social networks, and developing coping mechanisms to survive the harsh conditions of slavery. Many also maintained elements of their African heritage, such as language, music, and religious practices, which helped them retain a sense of identity and community. The enactment of slave codes by colonial assemblies was influenced by several factors, including the need to regulate the institution of slavery, maintain social order, and protect the interests of slave owners. These codes restricted the rights and freedoms of enslaved Africans, regulating their movements, activities, and interactions with others. Slave codes also aimed to prevent slave rebellions and escape attempts, reflecting the fear and insecurity felt by colonial authorities and slave owners. 54) How did mercantilism shape the economic and political relationship between England and its colonies? Answer: Mercantilism shaped the economic and political relationship between England and its colonies in several ways: 1. Economic Dependence: Under mercantilism, the colonies existed to benefit the mother country, England. The colonies were expected to provide raw materials and resources to England, which would then manufacture goods to sell back to the colonies and other markets. This economic relationship created a dependency of the colonies on England for trade and economic development. 2. Trade Regulations: Mercantilist policies imposed strict regulations on colonial trade. The Navigation Acts, for example, required that certain goods produced in the colonies be shipped only to England or other English colonies. This ensured that England would benefit from the trade and that the colonies would not develop independent trading relationships. 3. Monopoly of Trade: Mercantilism aimed to establish a monopoly of trade for the mother country. This meant that England sought to control the trade of certain goods, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, which were produced in the colonies. The colonies were restricted from trading these goods with other countries, further reinforcing their economic dependence on England. 4. Political Control: The economic control exerted by England over the colonies was closely tied to political control. The British government appointed colonial governors and established colonial assemblies to oversee the administration of the colonies. This political structure ensured that England maintained control over the economic activities of the colonies and could enforce mercantilist policies. Overall, mercantilism shaped the economic and political relationship between England and its colonies by creating a system of economic dependence, trade regulations, and political control that benefited the mother country at the expense of the colonies' economic and political autonomy. Chapter 4: Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America, 1680–1763 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The factor most responsible for the growth of the colonial population between 1700 and 1770 was the __________. a. natural reproduction of colonial families b. great wave of immigration during that period c. program of forced migration instituted by the monarchy d. dramatic upsurge in the importation of slaves e. intermarriage between settlers and Native Americans Answer: a 2) The largest group of white, non-English immigrants to the colonies was the __________. a. Dutch b. Germans c. Swedish d. Scots-Irish e. French Answer: d 3) The first large group of German immigrants moved to America seeking __________. a. free land b. religious tolerance c. an opportunity to become wealthy farmers d. markets for their craft products e. work to bring their families from Europe Answer: b 4) Backcountry communities __________. a. rarely settled beyond the effective authority of colonial governments b. lived harmoniously with Native Americans with no need for military assistance from colonial governments c. rejected formal religious institutions and embraced a spiritual system similar to Native Americans d. were ethnically diverse rather than ethnic enclaves e. developed a culture with a deeply rooted moral character Answer: e 5) The "middle ground" was an area __________. a. where most of the fighting between whites and Indians occurred b. where whites and Indians interacted on an approximately equal basis c. inhabited by renegades, half-breeds, and runaway slaves d. of metaphorical stasis, symbolic of a culture that was part European and part Indian e. designated by treaty as a demilitarized zone Answer: b 6) The first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States was __________. a. Jamestown b. Boston c. St. Augustine d. Plymouth e. Roanoke Answer: c 7) Which region was considered part of the eighteenth-century Spanish borderlands? a. Georgia b. western Pennsylvania c. the Shenandoah Valley d. the Ohio Valley e. Florida Answer: e 8) Which tribe was most successful at resisting conversion to Catholicism? a. Pueblos b. Coahuiltecans c. Aztecs d. Pimas e. Conchos Answer: a 9) For many Americans, the main appeal of the Enlightenment was its focus on __________. a. searching for useful, practical knowledge b. reviving interest in classical education c. defending traditional Christian beliefs d. pure scientific research e. achieving a classless society Answer: a 10) The one American who, more than anyone else, symbolized the spirit of the Enlightenment was __________. a. Jonathan Edwards b. George Washington c. Cotton Mather d. George Whitefield e. Benjamin Franklin Answer: e 11) A major financial problem that confronted mid-eighteenth-century America involved the __________. a. heavy debt owed to the British b. colonists' refusal to buy English products c. shortage of gold and silver coinage d. colonies' failure to print paper money e. lack of credit available to merchants Answer: a 12) The two most important leaders of the Great Awakening in colonial America were __________. a. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield b. John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards c. John Locke and Benjamin Franklin d. Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard e. Cotton Mather and George Whitefield Answer: a 13) Followers of the Great Awakening, who emphasized a powerful, emotional religion, were known as __________. a. "Old Lights" b. "New Lights" c. Presbyterians d. deists e. evangelicals Answer: b 14) Colonial ministers who opposed the Great Awakening were known as __________. a. "New Lights" b. "Old Lights" c. evangelicals d. pietists e. contraries Answer: b 15) Which college was established as a result of the Great Awakening? a. Princeton b. Columbia c. Harvard d. the College of William & Mary e. Yale Answer: a 16) A major source of political information in the colonies came in the form of __________. a. imported political treatises b. weekly journals c. pamphlets d. public debates e. daily newspapers Answer: b 17) Which colonial war between France and England demonstrated the British colonists could fight effective joint operations? a. King William's War b. Queen Anne's War c. King George's War d. War of the Spanish Succession e. King Philip's War Answer: c 18) The major source of Anglo-French conflict in the colonies was __________. a. slavery b. international naval supremacy c. arguments over relations and treaties with Native Americans d. political grievances e. control of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys Answer: e 19) In 1743, during King George's War, colonial forces captured __________. a. Montreal b. Toronto c. Louisbourg d. New Orleans e. Quebec Answer: c 20) The leading figure at the Albany Congress, and designer of the Albany Plan, was __________. a. Thomas Jefferson b. George Washington c. William Pitt d. John Adams e. Benjamin Franklin Answer: e 21) Colonial involvement in imperial wars began with __________. a. the French and Indian War b. King William's War c. King Philip's War d. the Thirty Years' War e. Queen Anne's War Answer: b 22) The failure of the Albany Plan can be attributed, primarily, to the __________. a. opposition of British authorities b. fiscal jealousies of colonial assemblies c. beginning of the French and Indian War d. refusal of the Iroquois tribes to support it e. lack of interest from colonial representatives Answer: b 23) The man who led Great Britain to victory in the Seven Years' War was __________. a. Lord North b. John Trenchard c. Horatio Nelson d. King George II e. William Pitt Answer: e 24) Which war between England and France had the greatest political and economic impact on colonial America? a. King William's War b. Queen Anne's War c. King George's War d. the Seven Years' War e. King Philip's War Answer: d 25) What territorial change resulted from the Peace of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War? a. France retained Louisiana. b. Spain gained Florida. c. France retained Quebec in Canada. d. Spain gained Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean. e. Britain gained Canada. Answer: e 26) Which identifies the strongest influence on eighteenth-century colonial Americans? a. They still confronted the "howling wilderness" that previous generations had encountered. b. They still lived in geographic isolation as in the seventeenth century. c. They could not escape the economic and cultural influence of Britain. d. They had completely escaped the economic and cultural influence of Britain. e. They gradually changed their religious beliefs during their lives in the colonies. Answer: c 27) What was the main motivation that brought so many Scots-Irish to America in the 1700s? a. They came to practice Catholicism freely, something they could not do in Ireland. b. They came in search of freedom and prosperity, two things they lacked in Ireland. c. They came to work as indentured servants in the New World. d. Their main goal was to form new Presbyterian congregations in America. e. They came to earn money in America and planned to return to Scotland. Answer: b 28) What was the motivation for German Lutherans to come to the middle colonies in the 1700s? a. Their primary goal was to improve their lives with more material wealth. b. They wanted to escape the war that was going on between Germany and France. c. They were seeking political freedom. d. They were seeking religious freedom. e. Their primary goal was to convert more people to Lutheranism in the colonies. Answer: a 29) Which statement best characterizes Native Americans of the "middle ground"? a. They maintained a strong, independent role in commercial exchange with Europeans. b. They sought to isolate themselves completely from European contact. c. They sought economic competition between tribes rather than military confrontation. d. They continued to war against each other rather than to establish intertribal confederacies. e. They wanted to strengthen their ties to each other in order to fight the European settlers. Answer: a 30) Why did increased trade with Europeans tend to erode the traditional leadership structure of Native American groups? a. Native Americans looked to the Europeans as their new leaders, which made the Native American leaders lose much of their power. b. Native Americans who traded with Europeans tended not to belong to traditional communities, but rather leaderless societies. c. Native American leaders no longer wanted to rule over other members of their groups who traded with Europeans. d. Native American leaders spent so much time in conflict with European traders that they had no time for leadership, causing their roles to weaken. e. Native Americans no longer consulted leaders when they bargained with European traders, which weakened the leaders' roles. Answer: e 31) Why did Spain initially have little interest in settling California? a. The region was full of Native American groups who fought any Europeans who tried to settle there. b. The region had so many French settlers that the Spanish did not want to fight over land with them. c. The region appeared to lack natural resources and was not easy to reach from Mexico City. d. The region was continually plagued by earthquakes, which frightened the settlers away. e. The region was too close to Mexico City and the Native American groups there. Answer: c 32) How did early Spanish outposts in North America compare to early English settlements? a. There were fewer Native American groups in the Spanish outposts to threaten the new settlers. b. There were more natural resources in the Spanish outposts, which led to a greater success of the first settlements there. c. The Spanish outposts contained settlers who had migrated from many more places in Europe than the ones in the English settlements. d. The Spanish outposts grew more slowly due to the harsh environment and threats of Native Americans. e. Though they started later, the Spanish outposts eventually grew much larger at a faster rate. Answer: d 33) Which best summarizes the basic philosophy of the Enlightenment? a. Reason could help humans achieve perfection in this world. b. Knowledge was of little use when confined to speculation. c. Faith and tolerance could help humans achieve perfection in this world. d. Absolutist governments must be replaced by representative governments. e. People must give up most possessions to achieve true enlightenment. Answer: a 34) As a product of the Enlightenment thinking, Benjamin Franklin __________. a. turned to organized religion for meaning in his life b. devoted his life to his own personal religious views c. rejected the practical pursuits of life in favor of contemplation, meditation, and intellectual inquiry d. pursued his curiosities until they yielded useful scientific ideas and ingenious material inventions e. sought to find true enlightenment by giving up most of his material possessions Answer: d 35) What happened as a result of the growth of the eighteenth-century colonial economy? a. The population grew even faster and per capita income declined. b. Enforcement of the Navigation Acts sowed the seeds of a lingering bitterness against Britain. c. The colonies developed a strong industrial base. d. British consumers stimulated production of American sugar and tobacco. e. American exports increasingly found new markets in Asia and Africa. Answer: d 36) Why did the balance of trade between England and the colonies turn dramatically in England's favor by the mid-eighteenth century? a. Trade between the colonies and the West Indies had declined. b. There was enormous demand in the colonies for British finished products. c. Industrialization was taking place in the colonies. d. Enforcement of the Navigation Acts had become more strict. e. There was enormous demand in the colonies for raw materials from England. Answer: b 37) Which of the following best characterizes the primary message of Jonathan Edwards in his preaching? a. A combination of good deeds and steadfast faith can bring salvation. b. Salvation will come through repentance only. c. The eternal fate of individuals is determined at birth. d. Old Light spokesmen are the only true possessors of truth. e. People can redeem themselves by performing good works. Answer: c 38) Why did tension arise between colonial congregations of the 1740s and 1750s? a. Evangelical preachers began to challenge traditional preaching. b. Colonial preachers no longer wanted to be controlled by the English clergy. c. Some preachers wanted to prevent colonists from joining their congregations. d. Many preachers tried to convert Native Americans to evangelical Christianity. e. Congregations disagreed about whether women should participate in the church. Answer: a 39) Which of the following was an important effect of the Great Awakening? a. It required obedience to traditional authority figures. b. It strengthened the authority of old colonial religions. c. It encouraged the development of conformity. d. It fostered a pessimistic view of the future among those touched by it. e. It evoked an awareness of a larger community of believers. Answer: e 40) How were royal governors in colonial America more powerful than a king in eighteenth-century Britain? a. They had the power to overturn the verdict of colonial judges. b. They could appoint military commanders-in-chief in each colony. c. They had the power to appoint their own council. d. They had the power to tax the colonists. e. They had the right to veto legislation. Answer: e 41) Colonial legislators saw their primary function as __________. a. improving the lives of their constituents b. preventing encroachments on the people's rights c. implementing the governor's policies d. mediating between the royal governor and the people e. supporting the governor to attain patronage appointments Answer: b 42) Which was a major concern of members of colonial assemblies? a. dealing with Native American violence on the frontier b. ensuring universal male suffrage c. preventing the rise of an aristocracy in the colonies d. working closely with the colonial governors e. maintaining what they saw as their rights as Englishmen Answer: e 43) One of the most important factors uniting Americans of different colonies into a single political culture was __________. a. the English common law b. cooperative royal governors c. similar social systems between the northern and southern colonies d. a respect for the sovereignty of Parliament e. fear of attack by Indians Answer: a 44) Which best describes the change in colonial warfare during the eighteenth century? a. Rather than fight off Native Americans, the colonists found that their main enemies were colonists from other regions of the country. b. Rather than participate in European wars, the colonists were forced to battle against Native Americans. c. Instead of the threat from hostile Native Americans, the colonists faced threats from African American slaves. d. Instead of facing threats from Native Americans and African American slaves, the colonists were forced to fight against Spanish forces. e. Instead of being involved in local wars with Native Americans, the colonists became involved with the wars between Britain and France. Answer: e 45) By the mid-1700s, the colonial assemblies __________. a. had surrendered most powers to royal assemblies b. were gaining steadily in power c. were able to elect the colonial governors d. were completely independent in their actions from the mother country e. were full of mid-level bureaucrats seeking better patronage jobs Answer: b 46) Which best describes Benjamin Franklin's main goal in drafting the Albany Plan? a. to organize a council of delegates to coordinate common defense and western expansion b. to propose the dredging of canals that connected Albany with Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River c. to set up a system of common taxes and tariffs throughout the colonies d. to draft a constitution that freed the colonies from any control by the British crown e. to prepare the colonies for an eventual war of independence with England Answer: a 47) What was a major consequence of the Seven Years' War? a. The war required the colonists create a Grand Council for intercolonial cooperation. b. The war led to the creation of several new French colonies. c. The colonies began working toward independence from Britain. d. Britain admired the contributions of the colonists to their own defense. e. The war made colonists more aware of America and its land. Answer: e 48) What did the Great Awakening, intercolonial trade, and the rise of the colonial assemblies have in common? a. They created disdain for England. b. They created a rebellious spirit in America. c. They contributed to a growing sense of shared identity. d. They helped create imperial rivalry between England and France. e. They exacerbated the problems of an already divided citizenry. Answer: c 49) How did the increase in British imports to the colonies in the 1700s affect American culture? a. The colonists produced less of their own homespun goods, which made them less reliant on old traditions. b. The colonists no longer relied on imports from other countries and became less connected to French and Spanish cultures. c. The same British goods were sold throughout the colonies, which gave colonists a collective background and brought them into greater contact with each other. d. The colonists of different colonies developed interests in different British imports, which led to greater isolation and greater identification with their own region. e. The colonists were introduced to new British traditions through the imports they bought, and lost much of their original American culture. Answer: c 50) Which statement is the best interpretation of this sentence: "For the British, 'American' was a way of saying 'not quite English'"? a. The British believed that the colonists could only become truly American if they broke away from the crown. b. The British felt that the colonists needed to import more British goods in order to be considered truly British. c. The British did not perceive the differences among the various colonies and thought all Americans were the same. d. The British regarded colonists as second-class citizens and did not consider them to be equal to British citizens. e. The British felt that the colonists no longer wanted to be British and had rejected many of their traditional ways. Answer: d Essay Questions 51) What difficulties did Native Americans encounter in their struggle to maintain cultural independence? What was the function of the "middle ground"? Answer: Native Americans encountered numerous difficulties in their struggle to maintain cultural independence. These included: 1. Forced Relocation: Native Americans were often forcibly relocated from their ancestral lands to designated reservations, disrupting their traditional way of life and connection to the land. 2. Loss of Traditional Practices: Government policies, such as the banning of traditional ceremonies and practices like the Sun Dance and the potlatch, aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream American culture, leading to the erosion of their cultural traditions. 3. Economic Challenges: Many Native American tribes faced economic challenges due to the loss of land and resources, leading to poverty and reliance on government aid. 4. Educational Policies: Boarding schools and other educational institutions aimed to assimilate Native American children by forbidding them to speak their native languages and imposing Western cultural norms, leading to a loss of cultural identity. 5. Legal Challenges: Native Americans faced numerous legal challenges, including restrictions on their ability to govern themselves and challenges to their land rights, further undermining their cultural independence. The "middle ground" refers to a concept developed by historian Richard White in his book "The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815." It describes a cultural and social space where European colonists and Native Americans interacted and negotiated with each other, often creating new forms of cultural expression and social organization. The middle ground served as a buffer zone between the two cultures, allowing for a degree of cultural autonomy for Native Americans while also accommodating some aspects of European culture. It was a complex and dynamic space where both sides adapted to each other's presence, leading to new forms of identity and social order. 52) Analyze the dynamic between the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening in shaping eighteenth-century American culture. Answer: The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening were two significant movements that influenced eighteenth-century American culture, albeit in different ways. The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, and individualism, had a profound impact on American thought, politics, and religion. It promoted ideas such as natural rights, religious tolerance, and the separation of church and state, which were central to the development of American identity and democracy. On the other hand, the Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept through the American colonies, emphasizing emotional and experiential spirituality. It challenged the traditional authority of established churches and clergy, advocating for a more personal and direct relationship with God. The Great Awakening led to the proliferation of new religious denominations and contributed to the growth of evangelicalism in America. While the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening were distinct movements with different emphases, they intersected and influenced each other in several ways, shaping American culture in the process: 1. Religious Pluralism: The Great Awakening contributed to the diversification of religious beliefs and practices in America, fostering a climate of religious pluralism. This pluralism was in line with Enlightenment ideas of religious tolerance and freedom of conscience, which advocated for the coexistence of different religious beliefs within society. 2. Political Thought: Enlightenment ideas about natural rights, social contract theory, and the role of government in protecting individual liberties influenced American political thought during the Revolutionary era. These ideas were reflected in documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, which laid the foundation for American democracy. 3. Education and Literacy: Both movements emphasized the importance of education and literacy, albeit for different reasons. The Enlightenment promoted education as a means of advancing knowledge and reason, while the Great Awakening emphasized the importance of an educated clergy and laity for spiritual growth and understanding. 4. Cultural Exchange: The Enlightenment facilitated cultural exchange between America and Europe, as American intellectuals were exposed to European ideas through books, pamphlets, and correspondence. Similarly, the Great Awakening led to the exchange of religious ideas and practices between America and other parts of the world, particularly Britain. In conclusion, the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening were both influential in shaping eighteenth-century American culture, with the former emphasizing reason, science, and individualism, and the latter emphasizing emotional spirituality and religious pluralism. Together, these movements contributed to the development of American identity, democracy, and religious diversity. 53) Why did colonists believe that their governments replicated the English political system? What factors made these governments uniquely American? How may this have paved the way for eventual political union? Answer: Colonists believed that their governments replicated the English political system because many colonial governments were initially established based on English colonial charters, which outlined the structure and powers of the colonial governments. Additionally, the colonists were English subjects and viewed themselves as inheriting the rights and privileges of Englishmen, including the right to participate in government through representative assemblies. However, several factors made these colonial governments uniquely American: 1. Distance from England: The physical distance between England and the colonies necessitated a degree of local autonomy and self-governance, leading to the development of distinct colonial identities and political institutions. 2. Frontier Conditions: The challenges of establishing communities in a frontier environment required flexible and adaptive forms of governance, leading to the development of new political practices and institutions suited to the colonial context. 3. Diversity of Settlement: The diverse origins and backgrounds of the colonists, including English, Dutch, French, Spanish, and African influences, contributed to the development of unique cultural and political traditions in different regions of the colonies. 4. Experimentation with Governance: Some colonies, such as Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, experimented with more democratic forms of government, including broader suffrage and greater representation, which differed from the English political system. These uniquely American factors laid the groundwork for eventual political union by fostering a sense of local autonomy and self-governance among the colonists. As they developed their own political traditions and institutions, the colonists began to see themselves as distinct from the English, with a shared identity and common interests that transcended their individual colonial boundaries. This sense of commonality would later contribute to the movement for independence and the formation of a unified American nation. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113