This Document Contains Chapters 1 to 2 Chapter 1: New World Encounters, Preconquest – 1608 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The most significant factor that allowed large numbers of nomadic hunters to enter the heart of North America was __________. a. the domestication of horses b. global warming c. population growth d. the search for new food supplies e. the growing diversity of people Answer: b 2) Which of the following revolutionized early Native American cultures? a. the discovery of hunting b. the development of agriculture c. tribal political alliances d. emergence of a written language e. the domestication of the horse Answer: b 3) The aggressive Native American people who occupied the valley of Mexico when the Spanish arrived were the __________. a. Mayas b. Apaches c. Aztecs d. Incas e. Toltecs Answer: c 4) The Atlantic tribal group with whom the English had the most contact was called __________. a. Algonquian b. Mayan c. Apache d. Sioux e. Cherokee Answer: a 5) What Indians desired most, upon encountering Europeans, was __________. a. cultural enlightenment b. victims for human sacrifice rituals c. religious instruction d. allies to help them defeat their enemies e. peaceful trade Answer: e 6) The single greatest factor that caused the destruction of Native Americans after contact with Europeans was __________. a. warfare b. planned genocide c. disease d. forced conversions to Christianity e. forced removal from tribal lands Answer: c 7) In the Columbian Exchange, the Old World and the New exchanged __________. a. animal, plant, and microbial life forms b. technologies c. religious beliefs d. political systems e. scientific theories Answer: a 8) The first European nation to establish contact with sub-Saharan Africa was __________. a. France b. Italy c. the Netherlands d. Portugal e. Spain Answer: d 9) The Portuguese explored West Africa __________. a. to convert natives to Christianity b. as tests of their new navigational technology c. to establish colonies in Africa before Spain and England d. searching for slaves and gold e. and established military forts along the coastland Answer: d 10) Columbus originally was determined to prove that __________. a. a westward water route to China existed b. the world was not flat c. the continents of North and South America existed d. the lost continent of Atlantis was actually part of South America e. the world was smaller than scientists believed at the time Answer: a 11) At the time of Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, __________. a. most educated Europeans believed the earth was flat b. no European nation had any interest in exploration c. most educated Europeans did not believe the earth was flat d. no one thought he would find anything e. the Catholic Church condemned this kind of exploration Answer: c 12) The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 resulted in __________. a. war between Spain and Portugal b. Portuguese control of Brazil c. English control of Canada d. French control of Martinique e. the withdrawal of the Spanish from the New World Answer: b 13) The men largely responsible for Spain’s conquest of the New World were known as __________. a. conquistadores b. coureurs de bois c. “Sea Dogs” d. condottiere e. comerciante Answer: a 14) In order to better control the leaders of their conquest in the New World, the Spanish government created __________. a. the Inquisition b. the hacienda c. the encomienda d. the missions e. colonial governments Answer: c 15) Most Spanish colonists were __________. a. members of wealthy families b. more racially tolerant than their English counterparts c. unconcerned about economic opportunities d. unwilling to have contact with native groups e. incredibly racist Answer: b 16) From its beginnings, Spain regarded her New World domain as primarily a(n) __________. a. source of precious metal b. place to send exiled Moors and Jews c. opportunity to further promote the Catholic faith d. supplier of cheap Native American labor to be used on Spanish estates e. place to establish penal colonies Answer: a 17) Spain became the number-one power in Europe during the sixteenth century because __________. a. the Pope favored Spain’s efforts b. of the vast amounts of gold and silver it imported from the New World c. Spain had extensive natural resources and many deep-water ports d. the people had lived in peace and tranquility for centuries e. the Spanish were the best shipbuilders of the day Answer: b 18) The first French explorers were __________. a. interested in finding the mythical “northwest passage” to China b. determined to find gold and silver c. eager to Christianize the Native Americans d. ruthless and exploitive of the native peoples e. considered stupid by the Native Americans Answer: a 19) In their relations with the Native Americans, the French __________. a. were as obsessed with Christian conversion as the Spanish b. tended to cultivate good relations because of the Native Americans’ knowledge of fur trapping c. were ruthless in their treatment of the Native Americans d. drove them from their land in order to set up plantations e. were at a distinct disadvantage Answer: b 20) The financial success of the French empire in North America depended upon the __________. a. fur trade b. complete annihilation of the Native American tribes in Canada c. discovery of huge amounts of gold d. conversion of the Indians to Catholicism e. withdrawal of the Spanish Answer: a 21) Which of the following is most closely related to French fur trading in the New World? a. Recollects b. Samuel de Champlain c. encomiendas d. coureurs de bois e. “Sea Dogs” Answer: d 22) What sixteenth-century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of the New World? a. the Crusades b. the War of the Roses c. the Reformation d. the Hundred Years’ War e. the experience of the Marian exiles Answer: c 23) The English monarch responsible for consolidating the Protestant Reformation and restoring English nationalism was __________. a. Henry VII b. Henry VIII c. Elizabeth I d. Mary Tudor e. James I Answer: c 24) The mission of the Spanish Armada was to __________. a. suppress a revolt in the Netherlands b. defend Queen Elizabeth I of England against challenges to her rule c. eliminate Queen Elizabeth I and make England a Catholic country d. replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of Scots e. get revenge against the English for their seizure of Spanish treasure galleons Answer: c 25) In the 1580s, the English attempted to make a settlement at __________. a. Jamestown b. Newfoundland c. Plymouth d. Hatteras e. Roanoke Answer: e 26) Which identifies the most important result of the domestication of maize (corn), beans, and squash by some Native American groups? a. People gained greater control over their environments. b. People stopped hunting mammals. c. People evolved into a single continental cultural unit. d. People were able to continue a wandering, hunting lifestyle. e. People moved closer to the coasts where the land was more fertile. Answer: a 27) At the time Europeans arrived, the societies of central Mexico __________. a. included large cities ruled by effective bureaucracies b. used iron and bronze tools and weapons c. did not practice intensive agriculture d. were composed of small, isolated tribes e. were ruled by peaceful, tribal leaders Answer: a 28) Which best describes how divisions among Algonquin groups helped facilitate European conquest of their lands? a. Algonquin groups were so busy fighting each other that they did not notice the European arrivals. b. Algonquin groups competed among each other to become trading partners with European arrivals. c. Algonquin groups could not communicate with each other and thus could not warn each other of European invaders. d. Algonquin groups had a strict hierarchy that made it much easier for Europeans to conquer them. e. Algonquin groups were more willing to ally themselves with foreigners than with other Algonquin groups. Answer: e 29) Which best describes how Native American groups initially interacted with European explorers? a. Native American groups were eager to trade with the Europeans. b. Native American groups ignored the Europeans. c. Native American groups aggressively attacked the Europeans. d. Native American groups were helpless when attacked by the Europeans. e. Native American groups were reluctant to trade with the Europeans. Answer: a 30) Which characteristic did most eastern North American Indian cultures share? a. Eastern Native Americans were united and spoke a common language. b. Eastern Native American tribes were ruled by a central leader from the most powerful tribe. c. Eastern Native Americans waged wars with large numbers of causalities to settle territorial disputes. d. Eastern Native American bands were patrilineal. e. Eastern Native American tribes were willing to align themselves with Europeans against other tribes. Answer: e 31) What was the main result of the deadly diseases brought to the New World by Europeans? a. an extremely high mortality rate among the natives, destroying the culture of many tribes b. a diminution of these diseases throughout Europe c. some deaths, but a low number compared to those caused by warfare between Native Americans and Europeans d. a death rate high only where Native Americans lived in low concentrations e. no significant deaths, since Native Americans were already immune to these diseases Answer: a 32) During the era of the European slave trade, West Africans __________. a. were quite isolated from the rest of the world b. had a simple, self-sufficient economy c. had a single monolithic culture that covered most of the African continent d. were increasingly being converted by Muslim missionaries e. were united by a single language Answer: d 33) Why were Scandinavian outposts in the New World eventually abandoned? a. lack of leadership b. lack of available resources for survival c. attacks by the Spanish Armada d. competition with Portuguese fishing groups e. poor lines of communication Answer: e 34) Why did the Portuguese reject Columbus’s proposed route to Cathay? a. They wanted Columbus to sail to India, not Cathay. b. They believed that Columbus had underestimated the Earth’s circumference. c. They did not believe that the Earth had a spherical shape. d. They believed that Columbus had no intention of reaching Cathay and was presenting a false route simply to gain monetary support. e. They thought that Columbus would encounter too many hostile Indians on his proposed route. Answer: b 35) Why was “America” named after Amerigo Vespucci? a. Vespucci published a falsified travel account that convinced mapmakers that he had proved America was separate from Asia. b. Vespucci had been on Columbus’s last voyage, but unlike Columbus realized that they had found a new continent. c. Vespucci’s travels to the Americas brought great wealth to Spain, and he was rewarded with a continent named for him. d. Vespucci was the first person to make contact with what is now the Bahamas, and the continent he reached was named after him. e. Vespucci convinced the king and queen of Spain that Columbus had falsified reports of his travels, and proved that it was he who had been the first to reach the Americas. Answer: a 36) Which identifies a key reason for why Cortés was able to conquer Montezuma, the Aztec emperor? a. Montezuma’s unarmored horsemen were unable to fight the armored horses that Cortés brought with him. b. Cortés convinced the Aztecs to fight against their own corrupt leader, Montezuma. c. Cortés and his men overwhelmingly outnumbered the Aztecs. d. Cortés was able to recruit thousands of nearby Native Americans who helped him defeat Montezuma. e. Montezuma believed that the Spaniards were gods and did not resist them at first. Answer: e 37) How did the Historia de las India’s change the colonization of the New World? a. It helped the Spanish recognize that they needed to be ruthless in order to prevail. b. It helped the Spanish recognize that they needed to reform in order to prevail. c. It helped the Spanish recognize that there was no way that they would be able to prevail over the powerful empires in the New World. d. It helped the Spanish recognize that Spanish culture was vastly superior to native culture. e. It helped the Spanish recognize that Spanish culture was vastly inferior to native culture. Answer: b 38) Why was the wealth that Spain acquired from the New World considered to be a mixed blessing? a. Spain was forced to send a large proportion of its population to the New World to help ship gold and silver back to Spain. b. The Spanish got wealthy from silver and gold in the New World, but lost most of their army and navy in battles with Native Americans. c. Spain only used the New World as a source of wealth; it did not consider establishing real settlements there. d. Great inflation for ordinary Spaniards resulted from Spain’s quick acquisition of its wealth. e. The Spanish who got wealthy very quickly did not know how to manage their wealth and lost it just as quickly. Answer: d 39) Which statement best describes how the early English and French colonists viewed Native Americans? a. The English colonists viewed Native Americans as valuable trading partners; the French viewed them as obstacles to dominating the fur trade. b. The English colonists viewed Native Americans as teachers of farming techniques; the French viewed them as good trading partners. c. The English colonists viewed Native Americans as obstacles to settling the land; the French viewed them as valuable economic partners. d. Both English and French colonists viewed Native Americans as obstacles to settling the land in North America. e. The English colonists viewed Native Americans as potential converts to Christianity; the French viewed them as good trading partners. Answer: c 40) What was the main deterrent to a French dream of a vast American empire? a. poor relations with the Indians of Canada and the West b. the French government’s indifference to affairs in the New World c. too many French settlers moving to the New World too quickly d. an inability to find anything of economic consequence in the New World e. too much competition with the English settlers over land in the New World Answer: b 41) How did international diplomacy hinder England’s early entry into New World colonization? a. The English were reluctant to enter the New World because colonization threatened their alliance with Spain. b. The English were reluctant to enter the New World because colonization threatened their alliance with France. c. The English were reluctant to enter the New World because colonization would force Spain to ally itself with Portugal and France. d. The English were reluctant to enter the New World because they did not want to cause problems with the Pope. e. The English were reluctant to enter the New World because colonization threatened their trading agreements with the Dutch. Answer: a 42) Which of the following identifies the main catalyst for the Protestant Reformation in England in the 1500s? a. Henry VII’s severing of all ties with the pope b. the Act of Supremacy c. the death of Edward VI d. the transfer to private owners of land belonging to the Catholic Church e. Henry VIII’s wish to dissolve his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Answer: e 43) Who supported the first colonization efforts undertaken by the English in the New World? a. the English king b. Italians acting for the English monarch c. Parliament d. fleeing Catholics e. private individuals Answer: e 44) Why was English Protestantism able to spread so successfully in the 1500s? a. widely popular dissatisfaction with the clergy b. the fact that Martin Luther and John Calvin were both English c. the fervent Catholicism of the Tudor Kings d. the English hostility to the French Huguenots e. Mary I becoming queen of England Answer: a 45) Which of the following is incorrectly matched with its colony? a. France – Canada b. Portugal – Brazil c. Spain – Puerto Rico d. England – Cuba e. Spain – Mexico Answer: d 46) Why was the Roanoke settlement doomed from its inception? a. The chosen settlers were ill-prepared for the conditions. b. The Spanish Armada patrolled the Atlantic seaboard. c. Queen Elizabeth was against the venture. d. There were too many religious conflicts. e. England was distracted because of its preparations for war. Answer: e 47) How did Richard Hakluyt keep the dream of colonizing America alive? a. He explored the New World and brought exotic products back to England. b. He interviewed explorers and propagandized their stories in a popular book. c. He started a successful colony that made reasonably good profits. d. He wrote a work on the variety and cultural diversity of Native Americans. e. He wrote a fictional story about a settlement but claimed it was a factual account. Answer: b 48) Which is the best interpretation of historian Davis Eltis’s statement: “In terms of immigration alone . . . America was an extension of Africa rather than Europe until the late nineteenth century”? a. The colonists set up communities in the New World that were much closer to the communities of Africa than to those of Europe. b. Many European colonists gave up the traditional ways of their homelands, while people brought to America from Africa retained most of their traditions. c. The new colonies were governed in ways that were unlike any kind of European government and more like African governments. d. Africans were not the largest group to immigrate to America, but they had the greatest influence on the new colonies. e. More Africans than Europeans came to North America in the early years of colonization. Answer: e 49) What was the key difference between the English and Spanish colonial systems? a. The English crown totally funded the colonies, while the Spanish Crown offered little aid to its colonizers. b. The English efforts were private, and the Spanish colonies were supported by the Crown. c. The English settled the interior lands, while the Spanish settled primarily in coastal regions. d. Religion played a central role in all the English colonies, but had little or no impact in New Spain. e. The English were more concerned with finding wealth in the New World, while the Spanish wanted to establish permanent settlements. Answer: b 50) Which is the best description of the most important message Richard Hakluyt’s stories communicated to European readers? a. Readers were convinced that the New World was a paradise that was theirs for the taking, and they paid little regard to the native people already living there. b. Readers were cautioned not to settle in the New World without first being aware of the potential dangers that they could face. c. Readers were convinced that the Native Americans were agreeable and eager to help them get settled in exchange for trading new ideas and goods. d. Readers were warned to be sensitive to the concerns of Native Americans and not to treat the New World as a place that was simply theirs for the taking. e. Readers were convinced that they would find precious metals in North America, and Hakluyt’s stories told them where to find those precious metals. Answer: a Essay Questions 51) Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the arrival of Europeans. Why were some Native American groups more advanced than others in the same region? Answer: The cultures in the New World prior to European arrival were diverse and varied significantly based on geography, resources, and historical developments. Some Native American groups were more advanced than others in the same region due to several factors: 1. Geography and Environment: The natural resources available in different regions influenced the development of cultures. For example, groups in resource-rich areas could develop complex societies supported by agriculture, while those in harsher environments might remain more nomadic or have simpler social structures. 2. Technology and Innovation: Some groups developed more advanced technologies for agriculture, hunting, warfare, and other activities, which contributed to their advancement. This could include tools, weapons, and techniques for resource management. 3. Social Organization: The way societies were structured and organized also played a role. Groups with hierarchical structures and specialized roles could develop more complex systems of governance, trade, and cultural expression. 4. Trade and Interaction: Groups that had access to trade networks and interacted with other cultures often benefited from the exchange of ideas, technologies, and resources, leading to advancements in various aspects of their societies. 5. Cultural Values and Beliefs: The cultural values and beliefs of different groups influenced how they organized their societies and utilized their resources. Some societies placed a high value on education, innovation, and social organization, leading to advancements in various fields. 6. Historical Factors: Historical events, such as conflicts, migrations, and alliances, could also impact the development of societies. Groups that were able to adapt to changing circumstances and learn from past experiences were often more successful in advancing their societies. Overall, the diversity of cultures in the New World prior to European arrival demonstrates the complexity of human societies and the various factors that contribute to their development and advancement. 52) Describe the Spanish conquest of Central and South America. How did this conquest transform Native American cultures? Answer: The Spanish conquest of Central and South America in the 16th century was a complex and brutal process that resulted in significant transformation of Native American cultures. Led by explorers like Hernán Cortés in Mexico and Francisco Pizarro in Peru, the Spanish conquistadors aimed to expand their empire, spread Christianity, and gain wealth through the acquisition of gold, silver, and other resources. The conquest was characterized by military conquests, alliances with indigenous groups against common enemies, the spread of diseases like smallpox that devastated Native populations, and the imposition of Spanish rule and culture. 1. Military Conquests: The Spanish conquistadors used advanced military tactics, firearms, and horses to defeat the Aztec, Inca, and other Native American empires. These conquests led to the destruction of indigenous states and the imposition of Spanish control. 2. Alliances and Resistance: Some indigenous groups allied with the Spanish against their traditional enemies, hoping to gain advantage in local power struggles. However, others resisted fiercely, leading to prolonged conflicts and rebellions against Spanish rule. 3. Disease and Demographic Collapse: The introduction of European diseases, to which Native Americans had no immunity, caused widespread death and demographic collapse. It's estimated that diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza killed millions of Native Americans, leading to the collapse of entire societies and cultures. 4. Cultural Transformation: The Spanish conquest brought about a profound transformation of Native American cultures. Many aspects of indigenous culture, religion, and society were suppressed or destroyed, and Spanish culture, language, and religion were imposed. 5. Economic Exploitation: The Spanish exploited the resources of Central and South America, particularly gold and silver, leading to the extraction of wealth on a massive scale. This exploitation had long-lasting effects on the economies of the region and the lives of the indigenous populations. 6. Cultural Syncretism: Despite the efforts of the Spanish to impose their culture and religion, elements of indigenous culture persisted and blended with Spanish culture, leading to a process of cultural syncretism. This can be seen in art, music, food, and religious practices in modern Latin American societies. Overall, the Spanish conquest of Central and South America had a profound and lasting impact on Native American cultures, leading to the destruction of many societies, the imposition of Spanish rule, and the emergence of new cultural identities that blended indigenous and Spanish elements. 53) Compare and contrast the factors that attracted the Spanish, the French, and the English to the New World. Answer: The Spanish, French, and English were all attracted to the New World for different reasons, which influenced their approaches to colonization and the lasting impact they had on the Americas. Here's a comparison of the factors that motivated each of these European powers: Spanish: 1. Wealth and Resources: The Spanish were primarily motivated by the wealth of the New World, particularly the abundance of gold and silver. They sought to exploit these resources through mining and trade. 2. Spread of Christianity: Another important factor for the Spanish was the desire to spread Christianity to the indigenous populations. They saw colonization as a way to convert and "civilize" the Native Americans. 3. Expansion of Empire: The Spanish monarchy sought to expand its empire and increase its geopolitical power. Colonization of the Americas was seen as a way to achieve this goal. French: 1. Trade and Commerce: The French were more interested in establishing trade relationships in the New World. They focused on the fur trade, particularly in areas like present-day Canada and the Great Lakes region. 2. Strategic Positioning: The French were also interested in establishing a presence in the Americas to counterbalance the power of the Spanish and the English. They aimed to establish a strategic foothold in the region. 3. Religious Freedom: Some French settlers were motivated by a desire for religious freedom, as France was more tolerant of religious diversity compared to other European powers. English: 1. Religious Freedom: Like the French, some English settlers were motivated by a desire for religious freedom. Groups like the Pilgrims and Puritans sought to establish colonies where they could practice their religion freely. 2. Economic Opportunities: The English were also motivated by economic opportunities in the New World. They sought to establish colonies that could provide resources and trade goods for the growing English economy. 3. Expansion of Empire: Similar to the Spanish, the English monarchy saw colonization as a way to expand its empire and increase its power and influence. In summary, while all three European powers were motivated by a desire for wealth and expansion, their specific motivations and approaches to colonization differed. The Spanish focused on wealth and spreading Christianity, the French on trade and strategic positioning, and the English on religious freedom and economic opportunities. Chapter 2: England’s New World Experiments, 1607–1732 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) English settlers in seventeenth-century America could be characterized best in terms of their __________. a. striking social diversity b. similarity to French and Spanish migrants of the same period c. unity of purpose and motivation d. desire to help each other e. homogeneity Answer: a 2) Upon arriving in the New World, English settlers __________. a. quickly abandoned English beliefs and values b. generally adapted old beliefs to the new environment c. rarely were forced to significantly change their old English ways d. usually adopted the customs of the local Indian tribes as a way to survive e. immediately focused on converting the Native Americans Answer: b 3) To resolve the problem of the vast expenses New World settlement required, English merchant-capitalists introduced the concept of __________. a. proprietorship b. primogeniture c. the joint-stock company d. feudalism e. mercantilism Answer: c 4) The purpose of new English companies to finance New World settlements was to ________. a. compete for large capital investment b. promise immense wealth to investors c. encourage “limited liability” for the investors d. finance the expense of gaining a royal charter e. get around religious restrictions on investment profits Answer: c 5) The __________ Company was responsible for the settlement of Jamestown in Virginia. a. New England b. Royal African c. Virginia d. American e. New World Answer: c 6) Religious reasons were least important in the founding of which colony? a. Massachusetts b. Rhode Island c. Maryland d. Virginia e. Pennsylvania Answer: d 7) The selection of a site for Jamestown was based primarily on the settlers’ __________. a. fear of surprise attacks b. desire for a healthful place to live c. belief that friendly Indians lived nearby d. need for close proximity to the open ocean e. fear of diseases in the swamps Answer: a 8) Jamestown might have gone the way of Roanoke had it not been for the perseverance of __________. a. John Winthrop b. Captain John Smith c. Pocahontas d. Richard Hakluyt e. Cotton Mather Answer: b 9) Jamestown’s prosperity was ensured by __________. a. the discovery of gold b. the development of fur trading c. royal financial support d. tobacco cultivation e. potato cultivation Answer: d 10) The man who taught Virginians how to grow tobacco was __________. a. Captain John Smith b. Powhatan c. John Rolfe d. Sir Edwin Sandys e. the Duke of Marlboro Answer: c 11) The attitude of King James I toward tobacco __________. a. demonstrated his concern for the health of his people b. showed that, in the end, he valued revenue more than good health c. changed very little during the course of his reign d. was strongly influenced by his own habit of smoking e. was influenced by its use in Indian religious rites Answer: b 12) Under the “head right” system in Virginia, __________. a. every adult male could vote b. every child was guaranteed a primary education c. all new arrivals received 50-acre land grants after they had paid for their passage d. new immigrants were guaranteed a year’s provisions e. every new settler was entitled to one slave Answer: c 13) After 1618, the Virginia Company’s principal means of attracting new settlers was __________. a. the granting of religious freedom b. liberal suffrage requirements c. a system of land grants d. payment of passage by the company e. impressment Answer: c 14) In which colony was the death rate for the early colonists most severe? a. Massachusetts b. New York c. Rhode Island d. Virginia e. Pennsylvania Answer: d 15) In 1624, Virginia became __________. a. an independent commonwealth b. a proprietary colony c. a royal colony d. part of Maryland e. the primary destination for female settlers Answer: c 16) Initially, Lord Baltimore intended that Maryland be a haven for __________. a. Quakers b. Puritans c. Catholics d. Baptists e. Separatists Answer: c 17) The document in which the Pilgrims established a civil government for their Plymouth Colony has become known as the __________. a. Bill of Rights b. Mayflower Compact c. Statement of Principles d. Cambridge Agreement e. Plymouth Agreement Answer: b 18) Seventeenth-century English Puritans __________. a. were only a tiny minority of all Englishmen b. were committed to significant institutional change c. were firmly supportive of the status quo d. accepted the tenets of Catholicism with reservations e. were neurotic and self-righteous Answer: b 19) King Charles I disbanded Parliament in 1629 because he could not deal with intense criticism from the __________. a. Puritans b. Baptists c. Catholics d. Anglicans e. Presbyterians Answer: a 20) The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay believed that the best way to reform the Church of England was to __________. a. separate from it and reform it from the outside b. rely on help from the English monarchy c. remain in the Church and reform it from the inside d. refuse to associate with it in any way e. actively work to destroy the tenets with which they disagreed Answer: c 21) To its founding leaders, __________ would be a “City on a Hill.” a. Rhode Island b. Connecticut c. Maryland d. Pennsylvania e. Massachusetts Answer: e 22) Because of its policy of religious toleration, __________ attracted unusual numbers of independent-minded people. a. Maryland b. Connecticut c. Pennsylvania d. New York e. Rhode Island Answer: e 23) The English takeover of New Netherland (which was subsequently renamed New York) __________. a. had little immediate effect on the colony b. was followed by the expulsion of the Dutch c. led to the prompt creation of a legislature d. met with armed resistance by the Dutch e. sparked a war between the English and the Dutch Answer: a 24) The colony of Pennsylvania was established as a religious sanctuary for __________. a. Puritans b. Catholics c. Baptists d. Quakers e. Presbyterians Answer: d 25) Large numbers of the first English settlers in the Carolinas came from __________. a. Ireland b. Barbados c. Rhode Island d. Jamaica e. the Virgin Islands Answer: b 26) Which best summarizes the pattern of English kings in colonizing North America? a. They followed a precise plan of geographic development. b. They tried to separate the colonies into distinct groups, based on economics, politics, religion, and labor system. c. They negotiated treaties with the Indians. d. They followed no plan and distributed the land haphazardly, creating overlapping territorial claims. e. They awarded colonial charters only to the most wealthy individuals in order to guarantee success for the new colonies. Answer: b 27) What was a major factor stimulating English migration to the New World? a. a desire to establish a democratic form of government b. court sentences of banishment to the colonies c. escape from the plague d. laws that forced the migration of the poorer classes e. a desire for land ownership Answer: e 28) Which is the best description of the settlers in the early days of the Virginia Colony? a. They were about evenly divided between men and women. b. They were well-prepared to establish a colonial outpost. c. They preferred to search for riches rather than farm. d. They had few troubles except for unfriendly Indians. e. They organized a successful community government. Answer: c 29) The first three years of Jamestown’s history witnessed __________. a. terrible hardship and suffering b. the discovery of gold and silver c. successful attempts at growing many profitable crops d. the establishment of a representative form of government e. the erection of the first Christian church in North America Answer: a 30) What eventually solved the economic problems of seventeenth-century Virginia? a. cultivation of tobacco b. reorganization of the joint-stock company c. a successful agreement with the Native Americans d. trading with Barbados e. stopping the import of goods from England Answer: a 31) Indentured servants __________. a. were working off the cost of their passage to America b. served the same number of years regardless of age or experience c. had no more legal rights than slaves d. received grants of land when their terms were up e. usually lived long enough to complete their terms of service Answer: a 32) Those who migrated to the Chesapeake Bay area as indentured servants were __________. a. usually from the dregs of English society b. English farmers who saw a better future in the New World c. normally single, lower-class males in their teens or early twenties d. married individuals who came with their families e. generally convicted criminals who traded jail time in England for indentures Answer: c 33) In 1622, the Native American tribes of Virginia __________. a. attacked the English settlements b. formed an alliance with the Native American tribes of New England c. established permanently good relations with the English settlers d. learned from the English settlers how to grow tobacco e. migrated westward to avoid future contact with settlers Answer: a 34) The original boundaries of Maryland presented a problem to colonists because they __________. a. were vaguely defined b. accidentally crossed into Virginia c. did not extend to the coast d. cut through territory of the Algonquin e. extended much farther than Charles I had planned Answer: a 35) Lord Baltimore’s settlement in Maryland __________. a. became a successful feudal outpost in America b. declared war on Virginia in 1639 c. never succeeded in becoming a feudal society d. became a haven for persecuted Protestants e. was a total failure Answer: c 36) Which identifies why the Mayflower Compact is considered an important historical document? a. It was the first example of colonists describing the hardships endured on a voyage to the New World. b. It was a legal document that authenticated the Pilgrims’ right to settle in New England. c. It included a list of the passengers on the Mayflower who became the first New England colonists. d. It was the first example of colonists forming a basic government in North America. e. It was the first example of colonists negotiating a treaty with Native Americans in North America. Answer: d 37) The Pilgrims, who left Holland to settle in America, __________. a. were non-Separatists from the Church of England b. feared their way of life was being undermined by the ways of their Dutch hosts c. had few alternatives because they were harassed by the Dutch d. arrived in Virginia, even though their destination was Massachusetts Bay e. were Catholic radicals eager to overthrow England’s monarchy Answer: b 38) Which describes the Puritans’ attitude toward the Church of England in the early seventeenth century? a. They wanted to separate from the Church and form their own congregation. b. They believed that the Church did not align itself closely enough with the Pope. c. They supported the English kings, not the bishops, as their spiritual leaders. d. They felt that the Church had lost too many Catholic rituals to be meaningful. e. They wanted to improve the Church of England from within. Answer: e 39) How did someone become a member of a church in the Massachusetts Bay Colony? a. The person became part of whatever church was in his or her community. b. A person who already belonged to the church had to provide testimony for anyone new who wanted to join. c. A new member had to wait a full year after applying to the church in order to prove that he or she was a worthy citizen. d. A person had to perform community service before being allowed to join a community church. e. The church community would vote in order to decide whether to let a new member in. Answer: c 40) Which is the only category in which seventeenth-century colonists in Massachusetts were more successful than Virginia’s colonists? a. relating to the Indians b. establishing the Anglican Church c. finding a profitable staple crop d. adopting a concept of community welfare e. collecting taxes to pay for community services Answer: d 41) How did Roger Williams’s religious ideas clash with those of the Puritans? a. Williams believed that settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who had unconventional religious views should be punished by the colonial leaders. b. Williams felt that it was not enough to purify the Church of England from within, but that separation from it was required. c. Williams believed that rather than separating from the Church of England, the Puritans should try to improve it. d. Williams did not support religious toleration and insisted that the members of the Church of England try to preserve their own freedom of worship. e. Williams believed that colonial leaders could not also be religious leaders. Answer: b 42) Anne Hutchinson’s skillful self-defense at her trial before the magistrates of Massachusetts Bay was ruined by __________. a. her affinity for the dictum of works b. her claim of personal revelation c. her reliance on the Scriptures d. her rejection of free grace e. the fact that she was female Answer: b 43) Which best describes how the colony of New York was settled? a. New York was originally settled by the Duke of York and subsequently became Dutch. b. New York was originally settled by the Dutch and then taken by force by the English. c. New York was settled exclusively by the Dutch without African Americans or any other group. d. New York was settled originally by African Americans who were later pushed out by the English. e. New York was settled originally by the French who were later pushed out by the Dutch. Answer: b 44) Seventeenth-century Quakers were known for their __________. a. aggressive and overbearing personalities b. belief in personal humility and pacifism c. concept of predestination d. unwillingness to seek the conversion of others e. belief in the necessity of an educated clergy Answer: b 45) Why was William Penn’s Frame of Government remarkable for its time? a. It included more personal liberties than those found in other English colonies. b. It denied the right of due process for citizens. c. It established the Quaker religion in Pennsylvania. d. It granted freedom of conscience to all except Catholics. e. It prevented the religious rule of the Church of England. Answer: a 46) Which made the economy of Carolina different from the other southern colonies? a. Carolina’s economy was based on slavery and cotton. b. Carolina’s economy was as diverse as that of the Middle Colonies. c. Carolina’s economy became dependent on rice as a staple. d. Carolina’s economy was based on selling slaves and rum. e. Carolina’s economy was based on sugar, which was easy to grow in the colony. Answer: c 47) Why did the new colonists of Georgia demand slaves? a. Farmers were given so many acres of land that they felt they could not farm efficiently without slaves. b. The main crop of Georgia, tobacco, could be cultivated only with slave labor. c. The colonists felt that since they had no voice in government, they needed a class of people even lower on the social rung than they were. d. The English settlers in Georgia were used to having slaves and demanded that they could not get along without them. e. The colonists believed that they could compete economically with South Carolina only if they were allowed to have slaves. Answer: e 48) The lives of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson provide strong evidence that __________. a. Puritans seldom disagreed on matters of theology b. Massachusetts Bay officials insisted on freedom of religious thought and expression c. Massachusetts Bay faced difficulties in creating the perfect society in America d. Massachusetts Bay Colony sent preachers to frontiers as missionaries to the Indians e. most Puritans had wanted to break away from the Church of England Answer: c 49) How did the religious beliefs of the Quakers compare to those of the Puritans? a. Both rejected the Church of England and wanted to separate and form their own new religions. b. The Quakers rejected the Church of England in favor of their own form of worship; the Puritans merely wanted to reform the Church of England. c. Both considered all people equal in the sight of the Lord and saw no need for a learned ministry. d. The Quakers did not seek converts, but simply wanted to practice their own beliefs peacefully; the Puritans sought to convert people throughout England. e. Unlike the Quakers, the Puritans felt that there was no need for spiritual leaders, since one person’s interpretation of the Bible was as valid as anyone else’s. Answer: b 50) Which statement provides the best interpretation of the sentence from the text that reads, “The diversity of early English colonization must be emphasized precisely because it is so easy to overlook”? a. Most historians have not realized how similar the English colonies were when they were initially settled. b. The reasons that people settled the English colonies were so complex that they have only begun to be understood recently. c. Settlers of the English colonies tended to overlook the hardships that they would face because they were so eager for religious freedom. d. The experiences of the early English colonists cannot be separated from their experiences back in England. e. The different reasons settlers came to each English colony cannot be considered separately from their experiences once they arrived. Answer: e Essay Questions 51) What problems did early settlers in Virginia have to overcome? What factors attracted settlers to that area? Answer: Early settlers in Virginia faced numerous challenges, including harsh environmental conditions, disease, conflicts with Native American tribes, and food shortages. The area was unfamiliar and lacked the infrastructure and support systems they were accustomed to in Europe. Disease, particularly malaria, took a heavy toll on the settlers, as did conflicts with Native American tribes, such as the Powhatan Confederacy. Additionally, the settlers initially struggled to establish successful colonies due to a lack of agricultural knowledge suited to the region's soils and climate. Despite these challenges, several factors attracted settlers to Virginia. The promise of land ownership and the opportunity for economic prosperity were significant incentives. The Virginia Company of London, which sponsored the settlement, offered land grants to individuals who could afford the journey across the Atlantic. The prospect of finding valuable natural resources, such as gold and silver, also motivated some settlers to take the risk. Furthermore, the idea of religious freedom and the chance to start anew in a new land appealed to those seeking to escape religious persecution in Europe. 52) How did religious differences influence the founding and development of the New England colonies? Answer: Religious differences played a significant role in the founding and development of the New England colonies. Unlike the Virginia colony, which was primarily motivated by economic gain, many of the New England colonies were founded by religious dissenters seeking freedom from persecution and the ability to establish communities based on their religious beliefs. The Pilgrims, who established Plymouth Colony in 1620, and the Puritans, who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, sought to create societies that adhered to their strict religious beliefs. These colonies were characterized by strong religious institutions, such as churches and schools, and were governed by laws based on religious principles. Religious differences also influenced the development of the New England colonies in other ways. The presence of religious dissenters led to a greater emphasis on education, as the Puritans believed that all individuals should be able to read the Bible. This emphasis on education laid the foundation for the establishment of Harvard College in 1636, the first institution of higher learning in the American colonies. Additionally, religious differences contributed to the development of a strong sense of community and a commitment to the common good in the New England colonies. The idea of a "city upon a hill," as articulated by John Winthrop, the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, reflected the belief that the colonies had a special mission to serve as a model society based on Christian principles. In summary, religious differences influenced the founding and development of the New England colonies by shaping their social, political, and educational institutions and by fostering a sense of community and common purpose among their inhabitants. 53) Analyze the dynamic between religious and economic motivations in the establishment and development of the English colonies in the seventeenth century. Answer: The dynamic between religious and economic motivations in the establishment and development of the English colonies in the seventeenth century was complex and varied depending on the specific colony and time period. 1. Religious Motivations: • New England Colonies: The New England colonies, such as Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Connecticut, were primarily settled by religious dissenters seeking freedom from persecution and the ability to establish communities based on their religious beliefs. These settlers were motivated by a desire to create societies that adhered to their strict religious principles. • Southern Colonies: In contrast, the southern colonies, such as Virginia and Maryland, were initially more focused on economic gain than religious freedom. While religion played a role in the settlement of these colonies, particularly in Maryland, where Catholics sought refuge from persecution, economic factors such as the promise of land ownership and the opportunity for profit were more dominant. 2. Economic Motivations: • Southern Colonies: The southern colonies were characterized by large plantation economies that relied on cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo. The availability of fertile land and the potential for profit attracted settlers to these colonies. • New England Colonies: While economic factors were also important in the New England colonies, particularly as the colonies grew and expanded, religious motivations continued to play a significant role. The Puritans, for example, believed in the Protestant work ethic and saw economic success as a sign of God's favor. 3. Interaction of Religious and Economic Motivations: • New England Colonies: In the New England colonies, religious and economic motivations often intersected. For example, the Puritans believed that hard work and economic success were signs of God's favor, so they worked diligently to build prosperous communities. • Southern Colonies: In the southern colonies, economic considerations sometimes took precedence over religious principles. For example, the use of enslaved labor on plantations was driven by economic considerations, even though it conflicted with Christian teachings. In conclusion, while both religious and economic motivations played important roles in the establishment and development of the English colonies in the seventeenth century, the relative importance of each varied depending on the colony and the specific circumstances. In general, however, religious motivations were more prominent in the New England colonies, while economic considerations were more dominant in the southern colonies. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113
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